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. 2022 Mar 8;12:3775. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06632-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Real-time colorimetric LAMP reactions performed inside the device using the phenol red indicator. The positive reaction (blue line) contained 10 lysed bacteria as template while the negative control contained no bacteria (orange line). (b) Similar reactions to (a), this time performed with the HNB indicator. In both cases, the heating process started at t = 0 min and the heater reached the required temperature (63 °C) after approximately 2 min. All reactions were stopped after 30 min. (c) Left: Real time colorimetric curves monitored during qcLAMP amplification performed with 2 different bacteria concentrations (400 and 1000 CFU/ml) spiked in saliva samples. The two concentrations were chosen based on previously reported detection limits of bacteria using end-point colorimetric LAMP or biosensors (13, 54). Both were successfully detected in less than 17 min while zero background signal was monitored for the negative controls. Right, top: Picture of end-point reactions with 0 and 1000 CFU/ml after 40 min of incubation. Right bottom: Picture of end-point reactions with 0 and 400 CFU/ml after 40 min of incubation.