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. 2022 Mar 8;12:3711. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07743-x

Table 3.

Amino acid composition of Cyprinus carpio cultured under five different feeding regimes (g kg−1 of fresh weight).

Proteinogenic amino acids LM0 LM5 LM10 LM15 LM20 Polynomial contrasts
Linear Quadratic
Essential amino acids
Arginine (Arg) 6.74 ± 0.13d 7.99 ± 0.12c 11.79 ± 0.10a 10.81 ± 0.11b 11.91 ± 0.03a  < 0.001  < 0.001
Histidine (His) 3.83 ± 0.01a 3.68 ± 0.10a 3.29 ± 0.04b 3.38 ± 0.03b 3.27 ± 0.03b  < 0.001 0.018
Isoleucine (Ile) 5.56 ± 0.07b 5.46 ± 0.12b 4.82 ± 0.07c 5.57 ± 0.01b 5.97 ± 0.02a 0.002  < 0.001
Leucine (Leu) 10.10 ± 0.04a 10.05 ± 0.07a 8.43 ± 0.04d 9.25 ± 0.03b 8.89 ± 0.02c  < 0.001  < 0.001
Lysine (Lys) 12.53 ± 0.02a 11.76 ± 0.11b 9.70 ± 0.01d 10.24 ± 0.02c 10.23 ± 0.03c  < 0.001  < 0.001
Methionine (Met) 3.30 ± 0.05c 3.37 ± 0.06c 3.22 ± 0.06c 5.32 ± 0.19a 4.08 ± 0.02b  < 0.001 0.303
Phenylalanine (Phe) 5.58 ± 0.03ab 5.73 ± 0.12a 5.42 ± 0.01b 5.77 ± 0.02a 5.75 ± 0.02a 0.082 0.212
Threonine (Thr) 5.24 ± 0.03d 5.40 ± 0.08c 5.56 ± 0.01c 6.19 ± 0.04b 6.42 ± 0.08a  < 0.001 0.005
Tryptophan (Trp) 1.61 ± 0.04d 1.04 ± 0.05d 3.55 ± 0.03a 2.50 ± 0.08b 2.30 ± 0.07c 0.007 0.017
Valine (Val) 6.43 ± 0.14a 6.45 ± 0.13a 5.46 ± 0.70b 5.66 ± 0.05b 6.72 ± 0.04a 0.517  < 0.001
Total 60.92 ± 0.50b 60.93 ± 0.30b 61.24 ± 0.24b 64.69 ± 0.53a 65.54 ± 0.49a  < 0.001 0.096
Non-essential amino acids
Alanine (Ala) 7.81 ± 0.06b 7.11 ± 0.12d 7.53 ± 0.06c 7.94 ± 0.03b 8.25 ± 0.01a  < 0.001  < 0.001
Aspartate (Asp) 11.56 ± 0.01a 11.39 ± 0.07a 10.47 ± 0.07c 11.26 ± 0.02b 11.06 ± 0.08b  < 0.001  < 0.001
Cysteine (Cys) 1.34 ± 0.04a 1.48 ± 0.03a 1.03 ± 0.03b 1.36 ± 0.04a 1.14 ± 0.03b 0.001 0.718
Glutamic acid (Glu) 20.16 ± 0.04a 19.57 ± 0.01b 19.30 ± 0.06b 18.33 ± 0.15c 18.67 ± 0.08c 0.001 0.003
Glycine (Gly) 8.29 ± 0.13d 9.80 ± 0.08c 10.52 ± 0.04b 11.16 ± 0.00a 11.33 ± 0.11a  < 0.001  < 0.001
Proline (Pro) 18.48 ± 0.03b 20.45 ± 0.13a 18.05 ± 0.09c 17.85 ± 0.08c 16.73 ± 0.09d  < 0.001  < 0.001
Serine (Ser) 4.06 ± 0.05e 4.37 ± 0.08d 4.66 ± 0.00c 5.44 ± 0.03b 5.74 ± 0.01a  < 0.001  < 0.001
Tyrosine (Tyr) 3.57 ± 0.06c 2.61 ± 0.04e 4.92 ± 0.01a 3.19 ± 0.01d 3.85 ± 0.02b  < 0.001 0.001
Total 75.27 ± 0.36a 76.78 ± 0.20a 76.48 ± 0.29a 76.53 ± 0.32a 76.77 ± 0.38a 0.001 0.014
Non-proteinogenic amino acids
Phosphoserine (p-Ser) 0.05 ± 0.00c 0.12 ± 0.01b 0.11 ± 0.02b 0.08 ± 0.01bc 0.20 ± 0.03a  < 0.001 0.035
Taurine (Tau) 1.69 ± 0.08b 1.78 ± 0.03b 1.29 ± 0.02c 1.80 ± 0.01b 2.29 ± 0.02a  < 0.001  < 0.001
Cystathionine (Cysthi) 0.42 ± 0.01b 0.52 ± 0.02ab 0.49 ± 0.04ab 0.23 ± 0.02c 0.65 ± 0.01a 0.244 0.028
β Alanine ( β-Ala) 0.05 ± 0.01b 0.06 ± 0.01b 0.08 ± 0.05b 0.18 ± 0.02a 0.19 ± 0.03a  < 0.001 0.012
β Amino isobutyric acid ( β -AiBA) 0.60 ± 0.01a 0.37 ± 0.01b 0.21 ± 0.02c  < 0.001 0.001
ϒ Amino butyric acid ( ϒ—ABA) 0.39 ± 0.06a 0.09 ± 0.01b 0.02 ± 0.00c 0.42 ± 0.01a 0.497  < 0.001
Hydroxylysine (Hylys) 0.47 ± 0.04a 0.41 ± 0.01a 0.17 ± 0.01b 0.08 ± 0.01c 0.03 ± 0.00d  < 0.001 0.084
1 Methyl histidine (1 Mehis) 0.09 ± 0.02c 0.09 ± 0.00c 0.05 ± 0.01d 0.19 ± 0.01b 0.27 ± 0.01a  < 0.001  < 0.001
Hydroxyproline (Hypro) 0.70 ± 0.10d 1.23 ± 0.10c 1.87 ± 0.07b 2.12 ± 0.03a 2.15 ± 0.03a  < 0.001  < 0.001
Total 3.86 ± 0.16c 4.30 ± 0.19b 4.68 ± 0.22b 4.43 ± 0.08b 6.41 ± 0.14a  < 0.001  < 0.001
Total amino acids 140.05 ± 0.08b 142.01 ± 1.60b 142.41 ± 0.21b 145.65 ± 0.37a 148.72 ± 0.25a  < 0.001 0.129

Values (means ± SE, n = 3) in each row with different superscript are significantly different (p < 0.05). The polynomial orthogonal contrast was considered significant at p < 0.05 level.

LM0 = Control, soybean; LM5 = 5% L. minor; LM10 = 10% L. minor; LM15 = 15% L. minor; LM20 = 20% L. minor.