Table 3.
Amino acid composition of Cyprinus carpio cultured under five different feeding regimes (g kg−1 of fresh weight).
Proteinogenic amino acids | LM0 | LM5 | LM10 | LM15 | LM20 | Polynomial contrasts | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Linear | Quadratic | ||||||
Essential amino acids | |||||||
Arginine (Arg) | 6.74 ± 0.13d | 7.99 ± 0.12c | 11.79 ± 0.10a | 10.81 ± 0.11b | 11.91 ± 0.03a | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Histidine (His) | 3.83 ± 0.01a | 3.68 ± 0.10a | 3.29 ± 0.04b | 3.38 ± 0.03b | 3.27 ± 0.03b | < 0.001 | 0.018 |
Isoleucine (Ile) | 5.56 ± 0.07b | 5.46 ± 0.12b | 4.82 ± 0.07c | 5.57 ± 0.01b | 5.97 ± 0.02a | 0.002 | < 0.001 |
Leucine (Leu) | 10.10 ± 0.04a | 10.05 ± 0.07a | 8.43 ± 0.04d | 9.25 ± 0.03b | 8.89 ± 0.02c | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Lysine (Lys) | 12.53 ± 0.02a | 11.76 ± 0.11b | 9.70 ± 0.01d | 10.24 ± 0.02c | 10.23 ± 0.03c | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Methionine (Met) | 3.30 ± 0.05c | 3.37 ± 0.06c | 3.22 ± 0.06c | 5.32 ± 0.19a | 4.08 ± 0.02b | < 0.001 | 0.303 |
Phenylalanine (Phe) | 5.58 ± 0.03ab | 5.73 ± 0.12a | 5.42 ± 0.01b | 5.77 ± 0.02a | 5.75 ± 0.02a | 0.082 | 0.212 |
Threonine (Thr) | 5.24 ± 0.03d | 5.40 ± 0.08c | 5.56 ± 0.01c | 6.19 ± 0.04b | 6.42 ± 0.08a | < 0.001 | 0.005 |
Tryptophan (Trp) | 1.61 ± 0.04d | 1.04 ± 0.05d | 3.55 ± 0.03a | 2.50 ± 0.08b | 2.30 ± 0.07c | 0.007 | 0.017 |
Valine (Val) | 6.43 ± 0.14a | 6.45 ± 0.13a | 5.46 ± 0.70b | 5.66 ± 0.05b | 6.72 ± 0.04a | 0.517 | < 0.001 |
Total | 60.92 ± 0.50b | 60.93 ± 0.30b | 61.24 ± 0.24b | 64.69 ± 0.53a | 65.54 ± 0.49a | < 0.001 | 0.096 |
Non-essential amino acids | |||||||
Alanine (Ala) | 7.81 ± 0.06b | 7.11 ± 0.12d | 7.53 ± 0.06c | 7.94 ± 0.03b | 8.25 ± 0.01a | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Aspartate (Asp) | 11.56 ± 0.01a | 11.39 ± 0.07a | 10.47 ± 0.07c | 11.26 ± 0.02b | 11.06 ± 0.08b | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Cysteine (Cys) | 1.34 ± 0.04a | 1.48 ± 0.03a | 1.03 ± 0.03b | 1.36 ± 0.04a | 1.14 ± 0.03b | 0.001 | 0.718 |
Glutamic acid (Glu) | 20.16 ± 0.04a | 19.57 ± 0.01b | 19.30 ± 0.06b | 18.33 ± 0.15c | 18.67 ± 0.08c | 0.001 | 0.003 |
Glycine (Gly) | 8.29 ± 0.13d | 9.80 ± 0.08c | 10.52 ± 0.04b | 11.16 ± 0.00a | 11.33 ± 0.11a | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Proline (Pro) | 18.48 ± 0.03b | 20.45 ± 0.13a | 18.05 ± 0.09c | 17.85 ± 0.08c | 16.73 ± 0.09d | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Serine (Ser) | 4.06 ± 0.05e | 4.37 ± 0.08d | 4.66 ± 0.00c | 5.44 ± 0.03b | 5.74 ± 0.01a | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Tyrosine (Tyr) | 3.57 ± 0.06c | 2.61 ± 0.04e | 4.92 ± 0.01a | 3.19 ± 0.01d | 3.85 ± 0.02b | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
Total | 75.27 ± 0.36a | 76.78 ± 0.20a | 76.48 ± 0.29a | 76.53 ± 0.32a | 76.77 ± 0.38a | 0.001 | 0.014 |
Non-proteinogenic amino acids | |||||||
Phosphoserine (p-Ser) | 0.05 ± 0.00c | 0.12 ± 0.01b | 0.11 ± 0.02b | 0.08 ± 0.01bc | 0.20 ± 0.03a | < 0.001 | 0.035 |
Taurine (Tau) | 1.69 ± 0.08b | 1.78 ± 0.03b | 1.29 ± 0.02c | 1.80 ± 0.01b | 2.29 ± 0.02a | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Cystathionine (Cysthi) | 0.42 ± 0.01b | 0.52 ± 0.02ab | 0.49 ± 0.04ab | 0.23 ± 0.02c | 0.65 ± 0.01a | 0.244 | 0.028 |
β Alanine ( β-Ala) | 0.05 ± 0.01b | 0.06 ± 0.01b | 0.08 ± 0.05b | 0.18 ± 0.02a | 0.19 ± 0.03a | < 0.001 | 0.012 |
β Amino isobutyric acid ( β -AiBA) | – | – | 0.60 ± 0.01a | 0.37 ± 0.01b | 0.21 ± 0.02c | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
ϒ Amino butyric acid ( ϒ—ABA) | 0.39 ± 0.06a | 0.09 ± 0.01b | 0.02 ± 0.00c | – | 0.42 ± 0.01a | 0.497 | < 0.001 |
Hydroxylysine (Hylys) | 0.47 ± 0.04a | 0.41 ± 0.01a | 0.17 ± 0.01b | 0.08 ± 0.01c | 0.03 ± 0.00d | < 0.001 | 0.084 |
1 Methyl histidine (1 Mehis) | 0.09 ± 0.02c | 0.09 ± 0.00c | 0.05 ± 0.01d | 0.19 ± 0.01b | 0.27 ± 0.01a | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Hydroxyproline (Hypro) | 0.70 ± 0.10d | 1.23 ± 0.10c | 1.87 ± 0.07b | 2.12 ± 0.03a | 2.15 ± 0.03a | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Total | 3.86 ± 0.16c | 4.30 ± 0.19b | 4.68 ± 0.22b | 4.43 ± 0.08b | 6.41 ± 0.14a | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Total amino acids | 140.05 ± 0.08b | 142.01 ± 1.60b | 142.41 ± 0.21b | 145.65 ± 0.37a | 148.72 ± 0.25a | < 0.001 | 0.129 |
Values (means ± SE, n = 3) in each row with different superscript are significantly different (p < 0.05). The polynomial orthogonal contrast was considered significant at p < 0.05 level.
LM0 = Control, soybean; LM5 = 5% L. minor; LM10 = 10% L. minor; LM15 = 15% L. minor; LM20 = 20% L. minor.