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. 2022 Mar 8;12:4133. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07685-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Semi-supervised learning for the tissue section imputation. (a) Box plots show Pearson’s correlation coefficients between the measured and predicted gene-expression levels of 21 breast cancer-related microenvironment markers. Left box plot displays the results of semi-supervised learning, which showed increasing Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Middle and right box plots show the semi-supervised learning results with permutated and randomized values. For the box plot, the box indicates the first and third quartiles; horizontal center line marks the medians; upper whisker extends from the hinge to the highest value that is within 1.5× interquartile range (IQR) of the hinge; lower whisker extends from the hinge to the lowest value within 1.5× IQR of the hinge; and data were plotted as points. Black lines between boxes connect the same gene. (b) Box plots show Pearson’s correlation coefficients between the measured and predicted gene-expression levels of 21 breast cancer-related microenvironment markers. Three types of image sets were compared for semi-supervised learning, namely sections A–C (red); data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) (blue); and ImageNet data (green). For the box plot, the box indicates the first and third quartiles; horizontal center line marks the medians; upper whisker extends from the hinge to the highest value that is within 1.5× IQR of the hinge; lower whisker extends from the hinge to the lowest value within 1.5× IQR of the hinge; and data were plotted as points.