Table 1: Example relationships between neurologic conditions, noncommunicable diseases, and modifiable risk factors related to health behaviors that can be influenced by physical therapy.

Note: this is a non-exhaustive review of the topic.

Condition	Prevalence of noncommunicable disease or modifiable risk factors related to health behaviors in neurologic condition or injury	Modifiable risk factors or health behavior associated with increased risk of developing neurologic condition or injury (incidence)	Modifiable risk factors or health behavior associated with worse outcomes when one has the neurologic condition
Stroke	• Stroke doubles the risk of having dementia21 • 50% prevalence of sleep disorders after stroke14	• Sleep impairment (insomnia) increases risk by 54%18 • High amounts of physical activity reduces risk by 20-25%12 • High cholesterol is associated with increased risk 19	• Sedentary lifestyle may aggravate post-stroke fatigue22 • Smoking increases risk of second stroke, MI, or death17, 20
SCI	• 55-68% of population is overweight or obese23 • Increased risk of cardiovascular disease based on blood cholesterol values and hypertension25 • Poor sleep and sleep related breathing disorders are greater in SCI than the general population29	• Number of new SCI caused by falls is increasing, along with increased average age of new SCI24	• Obesity may be associated with the development of upper extremity overuse injuries26 • Nutritional status influences pressure ulcer closure in 27 • Pain and anxiety increase risk of developing chronic health conditions 28
PD	• One-third less active than older adults.42 • Sleep disorders, particularly REM behavior disorder, are common 43	• People who are less physically active have a greater incidence of developing PD41	• More exercise is associated with slower decline in QOL and mobility40 • Poor nutritional status is associated with poorer functional gains during rehabilitation.44
MS	• The prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients over 60 years old is more than 40%.36	• Smoking may be associated with a 50% increase in MS risk compared to non-smoking37	• Relapse rates 2.6 times higher in MS patients with obesity, hypertension, and diabetes36 • Higher accrual of lesions in those with poor diets36 • Smoking contributes to an 80% increase in secondary-progressive MS risk37
TBI	• Sports-related concussions increase risk of sleep distubance32 • Elderly individuals with a history of cancer may have worse outcomes of subsequent TBI31	• Complex relationships exist between TBI incidence/ prevalence with substance abuse, family violence, and social determinants of health33, 34	• Chronic smoking impairs post-TBI recovery30