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. 2022 Jan 11;30(3):298–306. doi: 10.1038/s41431-021-01027-0

Table 2.

Epileptological features of living individuals.

Individuala i01 i03 i04 i05 i06 i10
Variant

c.5 G > A

p.(Arg2His)

c.521 C > T

p.(Ala174Val)

c.521 C > T

p.(Ala174Val)

c.652 G > A

p.(Asp218Asn)

c.656 T > C

p.(Ile219Thr)

c.1264 C > A

p.(Arg422Ser)

Epilepsy Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Age at seizure onset 8 mo 5 d 3 d 7 d 2 mo n/a
Seizure types

1. Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic szs.

2. Focal autonomic szs.

1. Myoclonic szs. (neonatal)

2. Focal tonic szs. w/ impaired awareness

3. Epileptic spasms

Generalized tonic-clonic szs.

1. Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic szs.

2. Focal myoclonic szs.

1. Epileptic spasms

2. Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic and myoclonic szs.

Focal szs. w/ impaired awareness
Epilepsy type Combined focal and generalized epilepsy Combined focal and generalized epilepsy Generalized epilepsy Combined focal and generalized epilepsy Combined focal and generalized epilepsy Focal epilepsy
Primary Unspecified DEE Early myoclonic encephalopathy w/ burst suppression Unspecified DEE Unspecified DEE West syndrome Unspecified DE + E
Epilepsy syndrome
Epilepsy outcome Refractory to treatment Partially controlled n/a Refractory to treatment Refractory to treatment Partially controlled
Development prior to seizure onset Delayed Neonatal onset Neonatal onset Neonatal onset Unremarkable Delayed
EEG at onset Left sided temporal slowing with frequent high voltage spikes and slow-waves Constant suppression pattern, evolving to burst-suppression pattern in infancy n/a n/a Hypsarrhythmia, multifocal spikes, generalized slowing n/a
EEG at follow-up Right sided posterior slow-waves and occipital paroxysms of spikes Multifocal, bihemispheric spikes, CSWS (age > 3 yrs) n/a Dissociated brain activity, bilateral hypsarrhythmia pattern during sleep, suppression-burst pattern (left hemisphere) Generalized slowing, occasional multifocal spikes, atypical hypsarrhythmia n/a
Current AED Vigabatrin, levetiracetam, valproic acid, lamotrigine Vigabatrin Topiramate, phenobarbital Lamotrigine, levetiracetam, clobazam, cannabidiol Topiramate, levetiracetam Valproic acid
AED synopsis n/a Levetiracetam, methylprednisolone n/a Valproic acid, vigabatrin, topiramate, lacosamide, phenobarbital, sultiame Vigabatrin, phenobarbital, valproic acid, sultiame n/a

AED anti-epileptic drug, DEE developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, DE+E developmental encephalopathy with epilepsy, CSWS continuous spike-and-wave during sleep, FU follow-up, n/a not assessed, w/ with.

aFour individuals were excluded from this synopsis due to termination of pregnancy (i08, i09) and absence of epilepsy (i02, i07), respectively.