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. 2022 Mar 8;12:3732. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07796-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Alpha diversity of the microbiota among the renal stone groups. Boxplots representing alpha diversity include the observed features (A), Faith's phylogenetic diversity (B), Shannon's index (C), and Pielou's evenness (D) of the three groups. Statistics were calculated using a pairwise Kruskal–Wallis test among the three groups. The p-values were corrected using the Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) (*p < 0.05). Boxes indicate the interquartile range (IQR) of the 25th to 75th percentiles. The median value is shown as a line within the box, and the whiskers extend to the most extreme value within 1.5 × IQR. Possible outliers are shown as dots. G0: no renal stones (control); G1: incidental renal stones; and G2: prevalent renal stones.