Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of individual-, community-, and municipality-level variables.
| n | Proportion (%) | Engaging in sports volunteering (a few times a year or more) (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Individual-level variables | |||
| Total | 20,877 | 100.0 | 7.6 |
| Engaging in sports and exercise volunteering | |||
| Zero | 17,284 | 82.8 | |
| A few times/year | 981 | 4.7 | |
| 1–3 days/month | 327 | 1.6 | |
| ≥ 1 day/week | 272 | 1.3 | |
| Missing | 2,013 | 9.6 | |
| Demographic and biological factors | |||
| Sex | |||
| Men | 10,123 | 48.5 | 9.9 |
| Women | 10,754 | 51.5 | 5.4 |
| Age groups (years) | |||
| 65–69 | 5,232 | 25.1 | 7.7 |
| 70–74 | 6,268 | 30.0 | 8.0 |
| 75–79 | 5,064 | 24.3 | 8.0 |
| 80–84 | 2,910 | 13.9 | 6.7 |
| ≥ 85 | 1,403 | 6.7 | 5.0 |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 15,114 | 72.4 | 8.4 |
| Unmarried | 5,417 | 25.9 | 5.3 |
| Missing | 346 | 1.7 | 7.5 |
| Living alone | |||
| No | 17,539 | 84.0 | 8.0 |
| Yes | 3,085 | 14.8 | 5.2 |
| Missing | 253 | 1.2 | 9.5 |
| Occupational status | |||
| Employed | 5,839 | 28.0 | 9.0 |
| Retired | 11,985 | 57.4 | 8.0 |
| Never employed | 1,128 | 5.4 | 4.3 |
| Missing | 1,925 | 9.2 | 2.6 |
| Education (years) | |||
| ≥ 13 | 6,448 | 30.9 | 9.1 |
| 10–12 | 8,936 | 42.8 | 7.9 |
| < 10 | 4,892 | 23.4 | 4.9 |
| Missing | 601 | 2.9 | 7.8 |
| Annual equivalent income | |||
| ≥ $40,000 | 2,416 | 11.6 | 8.7 |
| $20,000–$39,999 | 7,292 | 34.9 | 8.8 |
| < $20,000 | 8,518 | 40.8 | 6.9 |
| Missing | 2,651 | 12.7 | 5.2 |
| Disease status (multiple answer) | |||
| Hypertension | 8,960 | 42.9 | 7.7 |
| Stroke | 467 | 2.2 | 6.6 |
| Heart diseases | 1,850 | 8.9 | 7.2 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2,737 | 13.1 | 8.5 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 3,038 | 14.6 | 7.2 |
| Musculoskeletal disorders | 2,036 | 9.8 | 5.4 |
| Cancer | 847 | 4.1 | 6.4 |
| Missing | 842 | 4.0 | 6.8 |
| Body mass index | |||
| < 18.5 | 1,349 | 6.5 | 4.7 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 14,095 | 67.5 | 7.7 |
| ≥ 25 | 4,600 | 22.0 | 8.0 |
| Missing | 833 | 4.0 | 7.0 |
| Instrumental activities of daily living | |||
| Good | 18,771 | 89.9 | 7.8 |
| Poor | 1,449 | 6.9 | 5.5 |
| Missing | 657 | 3.1 | 6.8 |
| Behavioral factors | |||
| Drinking status | |||
| None | 9,412 | 45.1 | 6.1 |
| Past | 2,091 | 10.0 | 5.5 |
| Current | 8,571 | 41.1 | 10.0 |
| Missing | 803 | 3.8 | 4.5 |
| Smoking status | |||
| None | 12,069 | 57.8 | 7.0 |
| Past | 6,306 | 30.2 | 8.6 |
| Current | 2,115 | 10.1 | 8.2 |
| Missing | 387 | 1.9 | 5.4 |
| Psychological, cognitive, and emotional factors | |||
| Self–rated health | |||
| Excellent | 3,081 | 14.8 | 11.8 |
| Good | 15,288 | 73.2 | 7.3 |
| Poor or very poor | 2,375 | 11.4 | 3.8 |
| Missing | 133 | 0.6 | 6.0 |
| Depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale) | |||
| No (0–4 points) | 15,940 | 76.4 | 8.8 |
| Mild (5–9 points) | 3,513 | 16.8 | 3.8 |
| Moderate to severe (10–15 points) | 938 | 4.5 | 2.8 |
| Missing | 486 | 2.3 | 3.5 |
| Subjective well-being | |||
| Low (0–7 points) | 10,219 | 48.9 | 6.3 |
| High (8–10 points) | 9,874 | 47.3 | 9.0 |
| Missing | 784 | 3.8 | 5.4 |
| Social and cultural factors | |||
| Social cohesion | |||
| General trust | |||
| No | 5,745 | 27.5 | 4.7 |
| Yes | 14,664 | 70.2 | 8.8 |
| Missing | 468 | 2.2 | 4.3 |
| Norms of reciprocity | |||
| No | 9,052 | 43.4 | 5.6 |
| Yes | 11,245 | 53.9 | 9.4 |
| Missing | 580 | 2.8 | 3.3 |
| Attachment to the neighborhood | |||
| No | 4,079 | 19.5 | 4.2 |
| Yes | 16,356 | 78.3 | 8.5 |
| Missing | 442 | 2.1 | 4.1 |
| Social support | |||
| Receiving emotional support | |||
| No | 936 | 4.5 | 4.2 |
| Yes | 19,561 | 93.7 | 7.8 |
| Missing | 380 | 1.8 | 5.0 |
| Providing emotional support | |||
| No | 1,135 | 5.4 | 3.2 |
| Yes | 19,217 | 92.0 | 7.9 |
| Missing | 525 | 2.5 | 3.2 |
| Receiving instrumental support | |||
| No | 1,017 | 4.9 | 3.6 |
| Yes | 19,518 | 93.5 | 7.9 |
| Missing | 342 | 1.6 | 2.9 |
| Providing instrumental support | |||
| No | 4,275 | 20.5 | 5.2 |
| Yes | 15,757 | 75.5 | 8.4 |
| Missing | 845 | 4.0 | 4.5 |
| Social network | |||
| Frequency of meeting friends | |||
| A few times a year or less | 5,575 | 26.7 | 2.9 |
| 1–3 times/month | 4,978 | 23.8 | 5.6 |
| 1 time/week | 2,739 | 13.1 | 8.6 |
| 2–3 times/week | 4,002 | 19.2 | 12.4 |
| Almost every day | 3,075 | 14.7 | 12.8 |
| Missing | 508 | 2.4 | 3.3 |
| Number of met friends | |||
| 0 | 1,726 | 8.3 | 1.2 |
| 1–2 | 3,798 | 18.2 | 3.1 |
| 3–5 | 5,077 | 24.3 | 5.3 |
| 6–9 | 2,761 | 13.2 | 7.2 |
| ≥ 10 | 6,996 | 33.5 | 13.7 |
| Missing | 519 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
| Interactions with neighbors | |||
| Cooperating in daily life | 3,520 | 16.9 | 11.6 |
| Standing and chatting frequently | 11,103 | 53.2 | 7.9 |
| No more than exchange greetings/none | 5,868 | 28.1 | 4.7 |
| Missing | 386 | 1.8 | 4.4 |
| Social participation | |||
| Hobby activity groups | |||
| No | 10,177 | 48.7 | 3.9 |
| Yes | 7,928 | 38.0 | 13.4 |
| Missing | 2,772 | 13.3 | 4.6 |
| Community associations | |||
| No | 10,349 | 49.6 | 4.3 |
| Yes | 7,790 | 37.3 | 13.2 |
| Missing | 2,738 | 13.1 | 3.9 |
| Senior citizen club | |||
| No | 15,126 | 72.5 | 6.4 |
| Yes | 2,931 | 14.0 | 17.0 |
| Missing | 2,820 | 13.5 | 4.1 |
| Study or cultural groups | |||
| No | 14,889 | 71.3 | 6.2 |
| Yes | 2,826 | 13.5 | 16.9 |
| Missing | 3,162 | 15.1 | 5.7 |
| Activities to teach skills or pass on experiences to others | |||
| No | 15,784 | 75.6 | 5.6 |
| Yes | 2,141 | 10.3 | 26.2 |
| Missing | 2,952 | 14.1 | 4.7 |
| Community- and municipality-level variables | |||
| Environmental factors | |||
| Proportion of sports group participants (community area: n = 1139) | |||
| Mean, standard deviation | 24.9 | 7.7 | |
| Perception of park access and sidewalk (community area: n = 1139) | |||
| Mean, standard deviation | 81.1 | 14.2 | |
| Population density (persons per square km of inhabitable area) by municipality (n = 60) | |||
| Q1 (≥ 3,000), n | 15 | ||
| Q2 (940–2,999), n | 15 | ||
| Q3 (270–939), n | 15 | ||
| Q4 (< 270), n | 15 | ||
Missing values were imputed by using a multivariate normal imputation method in the main regression analysis.