Table 3.
Associations between engaging in sports and exercise volunteering and demographic, biological, behavioral, psychological, cognitive, emotional, and environmental factors.
| Model 1 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | ||
| Individual-level variables | |||
| Sex (ref. men) | |||
| Women | 0.60 | (0.52–0.69) | < 0.001 |
| Age groups (ref. 65–69 years) | |||
| 70–74 years | 1.16 | (1.00–1.35) | 0.049 |
| 75–79 years | 1.38 | (1.18–1.62) | < 0.001 |
| 80–84 years | 1.41 | (1.17–1.70) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 85 years | 1.38 | (1.07–1.78) | 0.013 |
| Marital status (ref. married) | |||
| Unmarried | 0.88 | (0.72–1.07) | 0.208 |
| Living alone (ref. no) | |||
| Yes | 0.95 | (0.76–1.18) | 0.619 |
| Occupational status (ref. retired) | |||
| Employed | 1.03 | (0.92–1.14) | 0.654 |
| Never employed | 0.94 | (0.73–1.21) | 0.631 |
| Education (ref. ≥ 13 years) | |||
| 10–12 years | 0.91 | (0.80–1.02) | 0.112 |
| < 10 years | 0.75 | (0.65–0.87) | < 0.001 |
| Annual equivalent income (ref. ≥ $40,000) | |||
| $20,000–$39,999 | 1.07 | (0.91–1.26) | 0.387 |
| < $20,000 | 1.09 | (0.93–1.28) | 0.269 |
| Disease status (ref. none of each) | |||
| Hypertension | 1.03 | (0.92–1.14) | 0.609 |
| Stroke | 0.92 | (0.63–1.34) | 0.670 |
| Heart diseases | 0.93 | (0.79–1.10) | 0.421 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.15 | (0.98–1.34) | 0.089 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.91 | (0.78–1.06) | 0.211 |
| Musculoskeletal disorders | 1.01 | (0.81–1.26) | 0.918 |
| Cancer | 0.90 | (0.68–1.19) | 0.456 |
| Body mass index (ref. 18.5–24.9) | |||
| < 18.5 | 0.83 | (0.66–1.05) | 0.122 |
| ≥ 25 | 1.05 | (0.92–1.20) | 0.482 |
| Instrumental activities of daily living (ref. good) | |||
| Poor | 0.67 | (0.53–0.84) | 0.001 |
| Drinking status (ref. none) | |||
| Past | 0.87 | (0.71–1.07) | 0.176 |
| Current | 1.23 | (1.06–1.43) | 0.006 |
| Smoking status (ref. none) | |||
| Past | 0.78 | (0.67–0.91) | 0.002 |
| Current | 0.81 | (0.66–0.99) | 0.044 |
| Self-rated health (ref. good) | |||
| Poor or very poor | 0.70 | (0.57–0.87) | 0.001 |
| Excellent | 1.49 | (1.31–1.71) | < 0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms (ref. no) | |||
| Mild | 0.62 | (0.51–0.75) | < 0.001 |
| Moderate to severe | 0.56 | (0.38–0.83) | 0.004 |
| Subjective well-being (ref. low, 0–7) | |||
| High, 8–10 | 1.11 | (0.98–1.26) | 0.108 |
| Community- and municipality-level variables | |||
| Proportion of sports group participants | |||
| Per 10 percentage points | 1.12 | (1.04–1.21) | 0.004 |
| Perception of park access and sidewalk | |||
| Per 10 percentage points | 0.97 | (0.92–1.02) | 0.283 |
| Population density (persons per square km of inhabitable area) (ref. the highest quartile, Q1) | |||
| Q2 | 1.25 | (1.06–1.48) | 0.009 |
| Q3 | 1.78 | (1.46–2.15) | < 0.001 |
| Q4 | 1.58 | (1.22–2.05) | < 0.001 |
n = 20,877.
All variables shown were simultaneously added in the model.
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval.