Table 1.
The EBV-driven cancers and the involvement of coinfections.
| Classification | Infected cell type | Tumor | Coinfection | Latency | References | Incidence of EBV infection | Detection method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lymphoproliferative disorders | B cell | Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) | HIV | Latency 1/2/3- | (Ozsan et al., 2013) | 30–50% | In situ hybridization |
| Primary effusion lymphoma |
KSHV
HIV |
Latency 1 | (Bigi et al., 2018) | 70–100% | |||
| T cell | Burkitt lymphoma |
Malaria
HIV |
Latency 2/3 | (Moormann and Bailey, 2016; Heslop, 2020) | >90% | - | |
| Hodgkin’s lymphoma | HIV | Latency 2 | (Pánisová et al., 2022) | 27.7% | Serologies | ||
| Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | HIV | (Piriou et al., 2005) | - | - | |||
| NK cell | Aggressive NK-cell leukemia (ANKL) | (Ishida, 2018) | ~90% | ||||
| Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type (ENKTL) | Latency 1/2 | (Mao et al., 2012) | In situ hybridization | ||||
| Epithelial malignancies | Nasopharyngeal epithelium | Undifferentiated NPC | HPV | Latency 2 | (Tsao et al., 2017) | ||
| Gastric epithelial cells | Gastric adenocarcinomas | - | Latency 1/2 | (Okabe et al., 2020) | 8–10% | ||
| Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) | Gastric carcinoma | Latency 1/2 | (Song et al., 2021) | 90% | |||
| Oropharyngeal carcinomas | HPV | (Blanco et al., 2021) | |||||
| Breast epithelial cells | Breast cancer | HPV | Latency 2 | (Sinclair et al., 2021; Gupta et al., 2021) | 0–31% | ||
| Thyroid | (Shimakage et al., 2003) | mRNA in situ hybridization, indirect immunofluorescence staining, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | |||||
| Salivary gland epithelial cells | Salivary gland carcinomas - LELCs | - | - | (Tsai et al., 1996) | 12.5% | In situ hybridization | |
| Renal epithelial cells | Renal cell carcinoma | (Shimakage et al., 2007; Kryst et al., 2020) | 29.6% | mRNA in situ hybridization and indirect immunofluorescence staining | |||
| Prostate epithelial cells | Prostate cancer | HPV | (Whitaker et al., 2013; Nahand et al., 2021) | 24-30% |
In situ polymerase chain reaction (IS-PCR) and standard liquid PCR;
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction |
||
| Urothelial epithelial cells | Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas | - | (Dere et al., 2020) | 29.5% |
Chromogenic in situ hybridization
Real-time PCR |