Table 1.
Study characteristics.
| Study | ED sample | Sample size | N (%) Female | Age M (SD) | BMI M (SD) | Emotion regulation measure | ED symptomatology measure | Emotion regulation category | Correlation [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acceptance | |||||||||
| Brytek-Matera and Schiltz (20) | AN, BN | 52 | 52 (100%) | 19.6 (2.6) | 18.1 (2.5) | SVF120 Acceptance | ED pathology | Non-acceptance | 0.56 [0.28, 0.84] |
| Aloi et al. (21) | BED | 46 | 40 (87%) | 40.6 (12.7) | 38.8 (7.1) | DERS non-acceptance | BES total | Non-acceptance | 0.32 [0.02, 0.62] |
| Aloi et al. (22) | BED | 155 | 86.5% | 41.2 (13.2) | 37.9 (10.4) | DERS non-acceptance | EDI total | Non-acceptance | 0.16 [0.0004, 0.32] |
| Blomquist et al. (23) | BED | 168 | 120 (71.4%) | 48.3 (10.2) | 38.8 (5.7) | DERS non-acceptance | ELOC total | Non-acceptance | 0.40 [0.25, 0.56] |
| Bodell et al. (24) | BN, BED, OSFED | 97 | 89 (91.8%) | 38.4 (13.9) | 37.2 (11.3) | DERS non-acceptance | EDEQ total | Non-acceptance | 0.41 [0.20, 0.61] |
| Brown et al. (25) | AN, BN, ARFID, OSFED | 364 | 94.4% | 20.9 (9.3) | NR | DERS non-acceptance | EDEQ total | Non-acceptance | 0.59 [0.49, 0.69] |
| Hazzard et al. (26) | BED | 112 | 92 (82.1%) | 39.7 (13.4) | > 21.0 | DERS non-acceptance | EDE total | Non-acceptance | 0.23 [0.05, 0.42] |
| Juarascio et al. (27) | AN, BN, ENDOS | 120 | 120 (100%) | 26.7 (9.2) | NR | DERS non-acceptance | EDQOL total | Non-acceptance | 0.23 [0.05, 0.42] |
| Kenny et al. (28) | BED | 71 | 93% | 40.4 (11.4) | 37.7 (9.6) | DERS non-acceptance | EDEQ total | Non-acceptance | 0.47 [0.23, 0.71] |
| Lavender et al. (29) | BN | 80 | 72 (90%) | 27.3 (9.6) | 23.9 (5.5) | DERS non-acceptance | EDE total | Non-acceptance | 0.31 [0.09, 0.53] |
| MacDonald et al. (30) | BN, OSFED | 104 | 93.3% | 28.8 (9.0) | 24.1 (6.3) | DERS non-acceptance | EDEQ total | Non-acceptance | 0.37 [0.17, 0.56] |
| MacDonald et al. (31) | BN, PD | 44 | 44 (100%) | 27.3 (8.4) | 24.6 (5.8) | DERS non-acceptance | EDEQ total | Non-acceptance | 0.29 [-0.02, 0.59] |
| Michael and Juarascio (32) | AN, BN, BED | 111 | 111 (100%) | 26.7 (9.2) | NR | DERS non-acceptance | EDEQ total | Non-acceptance | 0.35 [0.26, 0.54] |
| Monell et al. (33) | AN, BN, BED, OSFED | 999 | 999 (100%) | 24.8 (8.4) | 21.5 (5.2) | DERS non-acceptance | EDEQ total | Non-acceptance | 0.36 [0.30, 0.43] |
| Pisetsky et al. (35) | AN, BN, BED, OSFED | 110 | 93.6% | 33.5 (12.2) | 28.1 (11.2) | DERS non-acceptance | EDEQ total | Non-acceptance | 0.22 [0.03, 0.41] |
| Racine and Wildes (36) | AN | 192 | 183 (95.3%) | 26.5 (10.2) | 15.7 (1.8) | DERS non-acceptance | EDE total | Non-acceptance | 0.38 [0.25, 0.53] |
| Racine and Wildes (37) | AN | 191 | 182 (95.3%) | 26.5 (10.2) | 15.7 (1.8) | DERS non-acceptance | EDE total | Non-acceptance | 0.89 [0.74, 1.03] |
| Rania et al. (38) | AN, BN, BED, OSFED | 2405 | 2303 (95.8%) | 22.5 (8.6) | 21.7 (6.1) | DERS non-acceptance | EDEQ total | Non-acceptance | 0.38 [0.34, 0.42] |
| Southward et al. (39) | BN, BED | 107 | 107 (100%) | 35.2 (12.5) | 30.7 (11.1) | DERS non-acceptance | EDE total | Non-acceptance | 0.37 [0.17, 0.56] |
| Steinglass et al. (40) | AN | 20 | 20 (100%) | 32.0 (10.4) | 15.8 (1.6) | DERS non-acceptance | EDE restraint | Non-acceptance | 1.00 [0.52, 1.47] |
| Svaldi et al. (41) | AN, BN, BED | 63 | 63 (100%) | 30.7 (8.6) | 25.4 (4.3) | DERS non-acceptance | EDEQ total | Non-acceptance | 0.50 [0.24, 0.75] |
| Turan et al. (42) | BED | 32 | 18 (57.6%) | 15.0 (1.4) | 34.6 (3.0) | DERS non-acceptance | EDEQ total | Non-acceptance | 0.22 [-0.15, 0.58] |
| Wisting et al. (43) | AN, BN, BED | 272 | 272 (100%) | 29.4 (8.8) | 24.3 (8.4) | DERS non-acceptance | EDEQ total | Non-acceptance | 0.47 [0.35, 0.59] |
| Wolz et al. (44) | AN, BN, BED, OSFED | 134 | 121 (90.3%) | 28.8 (10.4) | 25.0 (9.1) | DERS non-acceptance | EDI total | Non-acceptance | 0.54 [0.36, 0.71] |
| Wyssen et al. (45) | AN, BN | 112 | 112 (100%) | 23.0 (4.3) | 19.8 (2.1) | DERS non-acceptance | EDEQ total | Non-acceptance | 0.42 [0.24, 0.61] |
| Cowdrey and Park (46) | AN | 42 | 42 (100%) | 24.0 (8.3) | 19.6 (2.5) | AAQ-II total | EDEQ total | Non-acceptance | 0.51 [0.20, 0.82] |
| Dajon and Sudres (47) | AN, BN, BED, OSFED | 97 | 97 (100%) | 35.8 (13.1) | 24.7 (7.0) | AAQ-II total | EDI drive for thinness | Non-acceptance | −0.27 [-0.47,−0.07] |
| Lee et al. (48) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 132 | 132 (100%) | 19.1 (5.8) | 19.3 (3.7) | AAQ-II total | EDI drive for thinness | Non-acceptance | 0.63 [0.46, 0.81] |
| Manwaring et al. (49) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 281 | 264 (94.0%) | 26.6 (9.4) | 17.3 (3.7) | AAQ-W total | EDI ED risk | Non-acceptance | 0.99 [0.88, 1.11] |
| Walden et al. (50) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 617 | (94.6%) | 28.0 (10.0) | NR | AAQ-W total | EDI drive for thinness | Non-acceptance | 0.81 [0.73, 0.89] |
| Butryn et al. (51) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 88 | 88 (100%) | 26.5 (12.2) | NR | PHLMS acceptance | EDEQ total | Non-acceptance | 0.26 [0.04, 0.47] |
| Awareness | |||||||||
| Aloi et al. (21 ) | BED | 46 | 40 (87%) | 40.6 (12.7) | 38.8 (7.1) | DERS lack of awareness | BES total | Lack of awareness | 0.09 [-0.21, 0.39] |
| Aloi et al. (22) | BED | 155 | 86.5% | 41.2 (13.2) | 37.9 (10.4) | DERS lack of awareness | EDI total | Lack of awareness | 0.12 [-0.04, 0.28] |
| Blomquist et al. (23) | BED | 168 | 120 (71.4%) | 48.3 (10.2) | 38.8 (5.7) | DERS lack of awareness | ELOC total | Lack of awareness | 0.04 [-0.12, 0.19] |
| Bodell et al. (24) | BN, BED, OSFED | 97 | 89 (91.8%) | 38.4 (13.9) | 37.2 (11.3) | DERS lack of awareness | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | −0.08 [-0.28, 0.12] |
| Brown et al. (25) | AN, BN, ARFID, OSFED | 364 | 94.4% | 20.9 (9.3) | NR | DERS lack of awareness | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | 0.35 [0.25, 0.45] |
| Hazzard et al. (26) | BED | 112 | 92 (82.1%) | 39.7 (13.4) | > 21.0 | DERS lack of awareness | EDE total | Lack of awareness | 0.07 [-0.12, 0.26] |
| Juarascio et al. (27) | AN, BN, ENDOS | 120 | 120 (100%) | 26.7 (9.2) | NR | DERS lack of awareness | EDQOL total | Lack of awareness | −0.07 [-0.25, 1.11] |
| Kenny et al. (28) | BED | 71 | 93% | 40.4 (11.4) | 37.7 (9.6) | DERS lack of awareness | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | −0.06 [-0.30, 0.18] |
| Lavender et al. (29) | BN | 80 | 72 (90%) | 27.3 (9.6) | 23.9 (5.5) | DERS lack of awareness | EDE total | Lack of awareness | 0.04 [-0.18, 0.26] |
| MacDonald et al. (30) | BN, OSFED | 104 | 93.3% | 28.8 (9.0) | 24.1 (6.3) | DERS lack of awareness | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | 0.14 [-0.05, 0.34] |
| MacDonald et al. (31) | BN, PD | 44 | 44 (100%) | 27.3 (8.4) | 24.6 (5.8) | DERS lack of awareness | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | 0.31 [0.003, 0.62] |
| Michael and Juarascio (32) | AN, BN, BED | 109 | 109 (100%) | 26.7 (9.2) | NR | DERS lack of awareness | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | −0.31 [-0.50,−0.12] |
| Monell et al. (33) | AN, BN, BED, OSFED | 999 | 999 (100%) | 24.8 (8.4) | 21.5 (5.2) | DERS lack of awareness | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | 0.30 [0.24, 0.36] |
| Pisetsky et al. (35) | AN, BN, BED, OSFED | 110 | 93.6% | 33.5 (12.2) | 28.1 (11.2) | DERS lack of awareness | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | 0.32 [0.13, 0.51] |
| Racine and Wildes (36) | AN | 192 | 183 (95.3%) | 26.5 (10.2) | 15.7 (1.8) | DERS lack of awareness | EDE total | Lack of awareness | 0.38 [0.25, 0.53] |
| Racine and Wildes (37) | AN | 191 | 182 (95.3%) | 26.5 (10.2) | 15.7 (1.8) | DERS lack of awareness | EDE total | Lack of awareness | 0.55 [0.41, 0.69] |
| Rania et al. (38) | AN, BN, BED, OSFED | 2405 | 2303 (95.8%) | 22.5 (8.6) | 21.7 (6.1) | DERS lack of awareness | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | 0.28 [0.24, 0.32] |
| Southward et al. (39) | BN, BED | 107 | 107 (100%) | 35.2 (12.5) | 30.7 (11.1) | DERS lack of awareness | EDE total | Lack of awareness | 0.05 [-0.14, 0.24] |
| Steinglass et al. (40) | AN | 20 | 20 (100%) | 32.0 (10.4) | 15.8 (1.6) | DERS lack of awareness | EDE restraint | Lack of awareness | 0.16 [-0.31, 0.64] |
| Svaldi et al. (41) | AN, BN, BED | 63 | 63 (100%) | 30.7 (8.6) | 25.4 (4.3) | DERS lack of awareness | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | 0.34 [0.09, 0.60] |
| Turan et al. (42) | BED | 32 | 18 (57.6%) | 15.0 (1.4) | 34.6 (3.0) | DERS lack of awareness | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | 0.14 [-0.22, 0.51] |
| Wisting et al. (43) | AN, BN, BED | 272 | 272 (100%) | 29.4 (8.8) | 24.3 (8.4) | DERS lack of awareness | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | 0.30 [0.18, 0.42] |
| Wolz et al. (44) | AN, BN, BED, OSFED | 134 | 121 (90.3%) | 28.8 (10.4) | 25.0 (9.1) | DERS lack of awareness | EDI total | Lack of awareness | 0.15 [-0.02, 0.32] |
| Wyssen et al. (45) | AN, BN | 112 | 112 (100%) | 23.0 (4.3) | 19.8 (2.1) | DERS lack of awareness | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | 0.32 [0.13, 0.51] |
| Legenbauer et al. (52) | BN | 20 | 20 (100%) | 22.7 (4.4) | 20.8 (2.3) | ACF total | EDI drive for thinness | Lack of awareness | 1.39 [0.91, 1.86] |
| Bernatova and Svetlak (53) | AN, BN | 73 | 73 (100%) | 15.5 (1.3) | 17.3 (3.4) | LEAS awareness of emotions in self | RS total | Lack of awareness | −0.40 [-0.63,−0.17] |
| Butryn et al. (51) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 88 | 88 (100%) | 26.5 (12.2) | NR | PHLMS awareness | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | 0.50 [0.28, 0.71] |
| Dunne et al. (54) | AN, atypical AN | 59 | 59 (100%) | 25.7 (8.8) | 19.0 | CAMS-R total | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | 0.25 [-0.01, 0.51] |
| Torres et al. (55) | BED | 7 | 7 (100%) | 38.3 (9.3) | 34.6 (3.9) | EPS impoverished emotion experience | DEBQ total | Lack of awareness | 0.40 [-0.58, 1.38] |
| Messer et al. (56) | BN | 145 | NR | NR | NR | MAAS total | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | 0.12 [-0.04, 0.29] |
| BED | 150 | NR | NR | NR | MAAS total | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | 0.18 [0.02, 0.34] | |
| Compare et al. (57) | BED | 150 | 98 (65.3%) | 49.3 (4.1) | 33.1 (1.2) | FFMQ total | BES total | Lack of awareness | 0.39 [0.23, 0.55] |
| Cowdrey and Park (46) | AN | 42 | 42 (100%) | 24.0 (8.3) | 19.6 (2.5) | FFMQ total | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | 0.68 [0.36, 0.99] |
| Lattimore et al. (58) | AN, BN, BED | 39 | 39 (100%) | 29.0 (9.4) | NR | FFMQ total | EDI drive for thinness | Lack of awareness | 0.48 [0.16, 0.81] |
| Pepping et al. (59) | BN, BED, EDNOS | 55 | 55 (100%) | 39.0 (12.7) | NR | FFMQ total | EDI dive for thinness | Lack of awareness | 0.22 [-0.05, 0.50] |
| Pinto-Gouveia et al. (60) | BED | 33 | 33 (100%) | 41.9 (9.8) | 34.8 (5.2) | FFMQ total | EDE total | Lack of awareness | −0.07 [-0.43, 0.28] |
| Espel-Huynh et al. (61) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 531 | 531 (100%) | 25.3 (11.1) | NR | SMQ total | PMT ED behaviours | Lack of awareness | 0.42 [0.34, 0.51] |
| Scharff et al. (62) | AN, BN, OSFED | 1042 | 1042 (100%) | 25.3 (10.6) | 23.3 (8.9) | SMQ total | EDEQ total | Lack of awareness | 0.47 [0.41, 0.53] |
| Manwaring et al. (49) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 281 | 264 (94.0%) | 26.6 (9.4) | 17.3 (3.7) | KIMS total | EDI ED risk | Lack of awareness | 0.99 [0.88, 1.11] |
| Problem solving | |||||||||
| Paterson et al. (63) | AN | 55 | 55 (100%) | 24.6 (6.8) | 14.6 (2.2) | SPSI-R negative problem orientation | EDEQ total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.57 [0.29, 0.84] |
| Paterson et al. (64) | AN | 27 | 27 (100%) | 26.5 (7.9) | 18.0 (3.3) | SPSI-R negative problem orientation | EAT total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.44 [0.04, 0.84] |
| Sternheim et al. (65) | AN | 30 | 30 (100%) | 24.0 (6.4) | 16.0 (2.1) | SPSI-R negative problem orientation | EDEQ total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.0001 [-0.38, 0.38] |
| Brytek-Matera and Schiltz (20) | AN, BN | 52 | 52 (100%) | 19.6 (2.6) | 18.1 (2.5) | COPE | ED pathology | Problem solving difficulties | 0.47 [0.19, 0.75] |
| Fitzsimmons and Bardone-Cone (66) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 151 | 151 (100%) | 23.6 (4.7) | NR | CISS task-oriented coping | EAT total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.24 [0.08, 0.41] |
| Marchiol et al. (67) | AN | 34 | 34 (100%) | 25.7 (10.6) | NR | CISS task-oriented coping | EDI ED risk | Problem solving difficulties | 0.03 [-0.33, 0.38] |
| BN | 30 | 30 (100%) | 24.0 (8.4) | NR | CISS task-oriented coping | EDI ED risk | Problem solving difficulties | 0.34 [-0.04, 0.72] | |
| BED | 29 | 29 (100%) | 37.5 (12.7) | NR | CISS task-oriented coping | EDI ED risk | Problem solving difficulties | 0.14 [-0.24, 0.53] | |
| Spoor et al. (68) | AN, BN, BD, EDNOS | 125 | 125 (100%) | 29.9 ( 9.2) | NR | CISS task-oriented coping | DEBQ emotional eating | Problem solving difficulties | 0.14 [-0.04, 0.32] |
| Nagata et al. (34) | AN, BN | 161 | 161 (100%) | 22.8 (4.6) | 16.5 (2.6) | CISS task-oriented coping | EDI drive for thinness | Problem solving difficulties | 0.05 [-0.011, 0.21] |
| Aloi et al. (21) | BED | 46 | 40 (87%) | 40.6 (12.7) | 38.8 (7.1) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | BES total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.32 [0.03, 0.62] |
| Aloi et al. (22) | BED | 155 | 86.5% | 41.2 (13.2) | 37.9 (10.4) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDI total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.10 [-0.06, 0.26] |
| Blomquist et al. (23) | BED | 168 | 120 (71.4%) | 48.3 (10.2) | 38.8 (5.7) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | ELOC total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.41 [0.25, 0.56] |
| Bodell et al. (24) | BN, BED, OSFED | 97 | 89 (91.8%) | 38.4 (13.9) | 37.2 (11.3) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDEQ total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.15 [-0.10, 0.35] |
| Brown et al. (25) | AN, BN, ARFID, OSFED | 364 | 94.4% | 20.9 (9.3) | NR | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDEQ total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.40 [0.29, 0.50] |
| Hazzard et al. (26) | BED | 112 | 92 (82.1%) | 39.7 (13.4) | > 21.0 | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDE total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.21 [0.02, 0.40] |
| Juarascio et al. (27) | AN, BN, ENDOS | 120 | 120 (100%) | 26.7 (9.2) | NR | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDQOL total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.21 [0.03, 0.39] |
| Kenny et al. (28) | BED | 71 | 93% | 40.4 (11.4) | 37.7 (9.6) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDEQ total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.31 [0.07, 0.55] |
| Lavender et al. (29) | BN | 80 | 72 (90%) | 27.3 (9.6) | 23.9 (5.5) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDE total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.27 [0.04, 0.49] |
| MacDonald et al. (30) | BN, OSFED | 104 | 93.3% | 28.8 (9.0) | 24.1 (6.3) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDEQ total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.35 [0.16, 0.55] |
| MacDonald et al. (31) | BN, PD | 44 | 44 (100%) | 27.3 (8.4) | 24.6 (5.8) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDEQ total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.17 [-0.13, 0.48] |
| Michael and Juarascio (32) | AN, BN, BED | 111 | 111 (100%) | 26.7 (9.2) | NR | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDEQ total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.32 [0.13, 0.51] |
| Monell et al. (33) | AN, BN, BED, OSFED | 999 | 999 (100%) | 24.8 (8.4) | 21.5 (5.2) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDEQ total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.24 [0.18, 0.30] |
| Pisetsky et al. (35) | AN, BN, BED, OSFED | 110 | 93.6% | 33.5 (12.2) | 28.1 (11.2) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDEQ total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.20 [0.01, 0.39] |
| Racine and Wildes (36) | AN | 192 | 183 (95.3%) | 26.5 (10.2) | 15.7 (1.8) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDE total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.19 [0.05, 0.33] |
| Racine and Wildes (37) | AN | 191 | 182 (95.3%) | 26.5 (10.2) | 15.7 (1.8) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDE total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.78 [0.63, 0.92] |
| Rania et al. (38) | AN, BN, BED, OSFED | 2405 | 2303 (95.8%) | 22.5 (8.6) | 21.7 (6.1) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDEQ total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.33 [0.29, 0.37] |
| Southward et al. (39) | BN, BED | 107 | 107 (100%) | 35.2 (12.5) | 30.7 (11.1) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDE total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.30 [0.11, 0.49] |
| Steinglass et al. (40) | AN | 20 | 20 (100%) | 32.0 (10.4) | 15.8 (1.6) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDE restraint | Problem solving difficulties | 0.51 [0.04, 0.99] |
| Svaldi et al. (41) | AN, BN, BED | 63 | 63 (100%) | 30.7 (8.6) | 25.4 (4.3) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDEQ total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.50 [0.24, 0.75] |
| Turan et al. (42) | BED | 32 | 18 (57.6%) | 15.0 (1.4) | 34.6 (3.0) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDEQ total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.01 [-0.35, 0.38] |
| Wisting et al. (43) | AN, BN, BED | 272 | 272 (100%) | 29.4 (8.8) | 24.3 (8.4) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDEQ total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.27 [0.15, 0.39] |
| Wolz et al. (44) | AN, BN, BED, OSFED | 134 | 121 (90.3%) | 28.8 (10.4) | 25.0 (9.1) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDI total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.54 [0.36, 0.71] |
| Wyssen et al. (45) | AN, BN | 112 | 112 (100%) | 23.0 (4.3) | 19.8 (2.1) | DERS difficulties in goal directed behaviour | EDEQ total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.35 [0.16, 0.53] |
| Svaldi et al. (69) | BED | 25 | 25 (100%) | 42.8 (10.1) | 29.5 (3.9) | MEPS effectiveness | DEBQ total | Problem solving difficulties | 0.29 [-0.13, 0.71] |
| Davies et al. (70) | AN, BN, BED, EDNOS | 92 | 92 (100%) | 30.2 (9.3) | 21.8 (4.0) | UCL active problem solving by reassuring thoughts | EDI drive for thinness | Problem solving difficulties | 0.11 [-0.10, 0.32] |
| Reappraisal | |||||||||
| Corstorphine et al. (71) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 72 | 72 (100%) | 24.5 (7.8) | 22.7 (8.7) | DTS accept and manage | EDI drive for thinness | Lack of cognitive reappraisal | 0.23 [-0.003, 0.47] |
| Oldershaw et al. (72) | AN, EDNOS | 40 | 37 (92.5%) | 26.0 (8.8) | 16.6 (1.3) | DTS accept and manage | EDEQ total | Lack of cognitive reappraisal | 0.06 [-0.27, 0.38] |
| Raykos et al. (73) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 204 | 204 (100%) | 25.8 (9.7) | 19.5 (3.1) | DTS accept and manage | EDEQ total | Lack of cognitive reappraisal | −0.11 [-0.25, 0.03] |
| Danner et al. (74) | AN restrictive | 20 | 20 (100%) | 21.1 (3.2) | 17.6 (2.2) | ERQ reappraisal | EDDS symptomatology | Lack of cognitive reappraisal | 0.04 [-0.44, 0.52] |
| AN binge-purge, BN | 30 | 30 (100%) | 21.7 (2.3) | 19.8 (2.2) | ERQ reappraisal | EDDS total | Lack of cognitive reappraisal | 0.34 [-0.03, 0.72] | |
| Danner et al. (75) | AN, BN, BED, EDNOS | 123 | 123 (100%) | 28.6 (8.4) | 23.8 (3.3) | ERQ reappraisal | EDDS total | Lack of cognitive reappraisal | 0.15 [-0.03, 0.33] |
| Davies et al. (76) | AN, BN | 103 | 103 (100%) | 26.4 (8.5) | 18.1 (4.1) | ERQ reappraisal | EDEQ total | Lack of cognitive reappraisal | 0.29 [0.10, 0.49] |
| Rothschild-Yakar et al. (77) | AN, BN | 25 | 25 (100%) | 17.2 (2.8) | 20.4 (4.0) | ERQ reappraisal | EAT total | Lack of cognitive reappraisal | 0.28 [-0.14, 0.69] |
| Svaldi et al. (41) | AN, BN, BED | 63 | 63 (100%) | 30.7 (8.6) | 25.4 (4.3) | ERQ reappraisal | EDEQ total | Lack of cognitive reappraisal | 0.24 [-0.01, 0.50] |
| Avoidance | |||||||||
| Butryn et al. (51 ) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 88 | 88 (100%) | 26.5 (12.2) | NR | EAQ avoidance of positive emotions | EDEQ total | Avoidance | 0.41 [0.20, 0.62] |
| Wildes et al. (78) | AN | 75 | 74 (98.7%) | 26.3 (8.6) | 15.8 (1.8) | EAQ total | EDI drive for thinness | Avoidance | 0.39 [0.16, 0.62] |
| Espel-Huynh et al. (61) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 531 | 531 (100%) | 25.3 (11.1) | NR | BEAQ total | PMT ED behaviours | Avoidance | 0.26 [0.17, 0.34] |
| Espel-Huynh et al. (61) | AN, BN, BED, OSFED | 625 | 625 (100%) | 25.1 (10.7) | NR | BEAQ total | EDEQ total | Avoidance | 0.42 [0.35, 0.50] |
| Scharff et al. (62) | AN, BN, OSFED | 1042 | 1042 (100%) | 25.3 (10.6) | 23.3 (8.9) | BEAQ total | EDEQ total | Avoidance | 0.37 [0.31, 0.43] |
| Waller and Kyriacou Marcoulides (79) | AN, BN | 102 | 102 (100%) | 26.3 (7.7) | 16.4 (1.6) | BSBS avoidance | EDEQ total | Avoidance | 0.29 [0.10, 0.49] |
| Paterson et al. (63) | AN | 55 | 55 (100%) | 24.6 (6.8) | 14.6 (2.2) | SPSI-R avoidance style | EDEQ total | Avoidance | 0.35 [0.07, 0.62] |
| Paterson et al. (64) | AN | 27 | 27 (100%) | 26.5 (7.9) | 18.0 (3.3) | SPSI-R avoidance style | EAT total | Avoidance | 0.47 [0.07, 0.87] |
| Sternheim et al. (65) | AN | 30 | 30 (100%) | 24.0 (6.4) | 16.0 (2.1) | SPSI-R avoidance style | EDEQ total | Avoidance | 0.0001 [-0.38, 0.38] |
| Mason et al. (80) | BN, sub-threshold BN | 204 | 204 (100%) | 25.7 (8.9) | 23.0 (5.3) | DAPP-BQ social avoidance | EEQ total | Avoidance | 0.38 [0.24, 0.52] |
| Thaler et al. (81) | AN | 55 | 55 (100%) | 23.5 (5.8) | 15.2 (5.5) | DAPP-BQ social avoidance | EDEQ total | Avoidance | 0.16 [-0.11, 0.43] |
| Cockell et al. (82) | AN, sub-threshold AN | 80 | 80 (100%) | 25.3 (8.5) | 17.3 (2.3) | DB functional avoidance | EDI total | Avoidance | 0.06 [-0.16, 0.28] |
| Delinsky et al. (83) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 67 | 67 (100%) | 18.9 (range = 16.0 – 23.0) | NR | DB functional avoidance | EDEQ total | Avoidance | 0.37 [0.12, 0.61] |
| Fitzsimmons and Bardone-Cone (66) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 151 | 151 (100%) | 23.6 (4.7) | NR | CISS avoidance distraction | EAT-26 total | Avoidance | −0.27 [-0.43,−0.11] |
| Marchiol et al. (67) | AN | 34 | 34 (100%) | 25.7 (10.6) | NR | CISS avoidance distraction | EDI ED risk | Avoidance | −0.27 [-0.62, 0.08] |
| BN | 30 | 30 (100%) | 24.0 (8.4) | NR | CISS avoidance distraction | EDI ED risk | Avoidance | 0.02 [-0.36, 0.40] | |
| BED | 29 | 29 (100%) | 37.5 (12.7) | NR | CISS avoidance distraction | EDI ED risk | Avoidance | 0.01 [-0.38, 0.39] | |
| Spoor et al. (68) | AN, BN, BD, EDNOS | 125 | 125 (100%) | 29.9 ( 9.2) | NR | CISS avoidance distraction | DEBQ emotional eating | Avoidance | 0.46 [0.18, 0.64] |
| Nagata et al. (34) | AN, BN | 161 | 161 (100%) | 22.8 (4.6) | 16.5 (2.6) | CISS avoidance distraction | EDI drive for thinness | Avoidance | 0.28 [0.12, 0.43] |
| Brytek-Matera and Schiltz (20) | AN, BN | 52 | 52 (100%) | 19.6 (2.6) | 18.1 (2.5) | SVF120 Avoidance | ED pathology | Avoidance | 0.35 [0.07, 0.63] |
| Rothschild-Yakar et al. (84) | AN | 41 | 41 (100%) | 17.6 (2.6) | 18.0 (1.7) | DSI emotional cut-off | EAT total | Avoidance | 0.38 [0.06, 0.69] |
| Tasca et al. (85) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 310 | 310 (100%) | 26.3 (8.8) | 21.9 (6.2) | DSI-R emotional cut-off | EDI total | Avoidance | 0.41 [0.30, 0.52] |
| Sheffield et al. (86) | AN, BN, BED, EDNOS | 124 | 124 (100%) | 27.6 (7.8) | 21.8 (9.1) | YRAI behavioural-somatic avoidance | EDI body dissatisfaction | Avoidance | 0.30 [0.12, 0.48] |
| Spranger et al. (87) | AN, BN, BED | 19 | 19 (100%) | 30.8 (10.0) | 23.5 (6.9) | YRAI total | BITE symptoms | Avoidance | −0.22 [-0.71, 0.27] |
| Noetel et al. (88) | AN | 60 | 50 (100%) | 15.0 (1.2) | % EBW = 86.6 (12.39) | CET avoidance | YEDE-Q: restraint | Avoidance | 0.74 [0.48, 1.00] |
| Sauchelli et al. (89) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 157 | 143 (91.1%) | NR | 21.5 (5.2) | CET avoidance | EDI total | Avoidance | 0.34 [0.18, 0.50] |
| Torres et al. (55) | BED | 7 | 7 (100%) | 38.3 (9.3) | 34.6 (3.9) | EPS avoidance | DEBQ total | Avoidance | 0.38 [-0.60, 1.36] |
| Bratland-Sanda et al. (90) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 38 | 38 (100%) | 30.9 (8.9) | 21.6 (3.6) | REI negative affect avoidance | EDE total | Avoidance | 0.87 [0.54, 1.20] |
| Marzola, et al. (91) | AN | 81 | 81 (100%) | 25.3 (8.5) | 15.1 (2.2) | MANQ avoidance | EDI drive for thinness | Avoidance | 0.17 [-0.05, 0.39] |
| Meyer et al. (92) | AN | 13 | 13 (100%) | 27.8 (10.0) | 16.8 (2.1) | Anagram solution task: avoidance of threat words | EDI drive for thinness | Avoidance | −0.12 [-0.74, 0.50] |
| BN | 37 | 37 (100%) | 25.2 (6.8) | 19.4 (1.7) | Anagram solution task: avoidance of threat words | EDI drive for thinness | Avoidance | 0.13 [-0.21, 0.47] | |
| Merwin et al. (93) | AN | 6 | 6 (100%) | 12 – 18 | 17.7 (1.7) | AFQ-Y | EDEQ total | Avoidance | 0.85 [-0.28, 1.99] |
| Oldershaw et al. (72) | AN, EDNOS | 40 | 37 (92.5%) | 26.0 (8.8) | 16.6 (1.3) | DTS avoidance of affect | EDEQ total | Avoidance | 0.59 [0.27, 0.91] |
| Corstorphine et al. (71) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 72 | 72 (100%) | 24.5 (7.8) | 22.7 (8.7) | DTS avoidance of affect | EDI drive for thinness | Avoidance | −0.10 [-0.34, 0.13] |
| Lampard et al. (94) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 257 | 257 (100%) | 26.1 (9.1) | 19.8 (2.7) | DTS avoidance of affect | EDEQ total | Avoidance | 0.12 [-0.002, 0.24] |
| Rienecke et al. (95) | AN, BN, BED, OSFED, ARFID | 613 | 514 (83.8%) | 24.5 (9.8) | NR | PCL-5 avoidance | EPSI restraint | Avoidance | 0.32 [0.24, 0.40] |
| Baños et al. (96) | AN | 66 | 66 (100%) | 28.0 (9.0) | 16.7 (1.2) | TCI harm avoidance | DEBQ restraint | Avoidance | 0.27 [0.02, 0.52] |
| Danner et al. (97) | AN, recovered AN | 45 | 45 (100%) | 25.3 (5.0) | 17.9 (1.8) | TCI harm avoidance | EDEQ total | Avoidance | 0.45 [0.15, 0.75] |
| Díaz-Marsá et al. (98) | AN, BN | 72 | 72 (100%) | 21.5 (4.2) | NR | TCI harm avoidance | BITE total | Avoidance | 0.58 [0.34, 0.81] |
| Duffy et al. (99) | AN | 270 | 95.2% | 28.5 (10.7) | 18.7 (2.4) | TCI harm avoidance | EDI drive for thinness | Avoidance | 0.28 [0.16, 0.40] |
| Frank et al. (100) | AN | 56 | 56 (100%) | 16.6 (2.5) | 15.9 (0.9) | TCI harm avoidance | EDI drive for thinness | Avoidance | 0.40 [0.13, 0.67] |
| Levinson et al. (101) | AN | 732 | NR | 13 – 65 | NR | TCI harm avoidance | EDI drive for thinness | Avoidance | 0.23 [0.16, 0.31] |
| del Pino-Gutiérrez et al. (102) | BN | 527 | 93.1% | 26.0 (6.6) | NR | TCI harm avoidance | EDI total | Avoidance | 0.67 [0.58, 0.75] |
| Paganini et al. (103) | AN, BN, OSFED | 292 | 292 (100%) | 28.1 (9.7) | 24.4 (5.8) | TCI harm avoidance | EDE total | Avoidance | 0.18 [0.07, 0.30] |
| Rotella et al. (104) | AN, BN, BED | 166 | 166 (100%) | 37.9 (14.4) | NR | TCI harm avoidance | EDEQ total | Avoidance | 0.21 [0.06, 0.37] |
| Van Riel et al. (105) | BED, sub-threshold BED | 198 | 198 (100%) | 40.7 (12.9) | 39.7 (6.2) | TCI harm avoidance | EDEQ total | Avoidance | 0.20 [0.06, 0.34] |
| Walden et al. (50) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 617 | (94.6%) | 28.0 (10.0) | NR | TCI harm avoidance | EDI drive for thinness | Avoidance | 0.23 [0.16, 0.31] |
| Wierenga et al. (106) | Remitted BN | 23 | 23 (100%) | 27.2 | 22.0 | TCI harm avoidance | EDI drive for thinness | Avoidance | 0.39 [-0.05, 0.83] |
| Solmi et al. (107) | AN, BN, BED | 2068 | 96.6% | 28.2 (9.3) | NR | TPQ harm avoidance | EDI drive for thinness | Avoidance | 0.26 [0.22, 0.30] |
| Marzola et al. (108) | Mixed ED | 112 | NR | 24.8 (8.5) | 15.9 (3.7) | PCT-Q harm avoidance | EDI drive for thinness | Avoidance | 0.42 [0.24, 0.61] |
| Rumination | |||||||||
| Verschueren et al. (109 ) | AN, BN, BED, EDNOS | 121 | 121 (100%) | 28.5 (9.9) | 22.3 (range = 13.7 – 49.1) | DIDS ruminative exploration | EDI total | Rumination | 0.20 [0.02, 0.38] |
| Wang et al. (110) | BED | 237 | 167 (70.5%) | 47.9 (10.0) | 39.5 (5.9) | RRS brooding rumination | EDEQ total | Rumination | 0.37 [0.24, 0.50] |
| Sagiv and Gvion (111) | AN, BN, OSFED | 91 | 91 (100%) | 24.0 (5.5) | 19.4 (5.3) | RRS total | EDEQ binge eating | Rumination | 0.13 [-0.08, 0.34] |
| Wang and Borders (112) | AN, BN, OSFED | 85 | 87.1% | 24.6 (10.0) | NR | RRS total | EDEQ total | Rumination | 0.51 [0.29, 0.73] |
| Thew et al. (113) | Mixed ED | 26 | NR | > 18 | NR | RRQ total | EDEQ total | Rumination | 0.38 [-0.02, 0.79] |
| Cowdrey and Park (46) | AN | 42 | 42 (100%) | 24.0 (8.3) | 19.6 (2.5) | RSS-ED brooding rumination | EDEQ total | Rumination | 0.97 [0.66, 1.29] |
| Seidel et al. (114) | AN | 37 | 37 (100%) | 16.4 (2.3) | 14.6 (1.3) | PTQ perseverative thinking | EDI total | Rumination | 1.03 [0.70, 1.37] |
| Suppression | |||||||||
| Oldershaw et al. (72) | AN, EDNOS | 40 | 37 (92.5%) | 26.0 (8.8) | 16.6 (1.3) | STSS silencing the self | EDEQ total | Suppression | 0.34 [0.02, 0.67] |
| Overton et al. (115) | AN, BN | 32 | 32 (100%) | 28.1 (10.3) | 21.5 (6.5) | YSQ emotional inhibition | EDI drive for thinness | Suppression | 0.17 [-0.19, 0.54] |
| Torres et al. (55) | BED | 7 | 7 (100%) | 38.3 (9.3) | 34.6 (3.9) | EPS suppression | DEBQ total | Suppression | 0.76 [-0.22, 1.74] |
| Cardi et al. (116) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 65 | 65 (100%) | 25.8 (8.1) | 18.9 (2.1) | Evoked facial affect | EDEQ total | Suppression | 0.05 [-0.20, 0.30] |
| Davies et al. (117) | AN | 30 | 30 (100%) | 24.5 (range = 19.0 – 33.3) | 14.6 (range = 12.9 – 15.6) | Evoked facial affect | EDEQ total | Suppression | 0.46 [0.08, 0.84] |
| Dapelo et al. (118) | AN, BN | 40 | 40 (100%) | 27.9 (8.4) | 18.9 (2.5) | Evoked facial affect | EDEQ total | Suppression | 0.10 [-0.22, 0.42] |
| Lang et al. (119) | AN | 66 | 66 (100%) | 20.1 (7.3) | 15.4 (1.4) | Evoked facial affect | EDEQ total | Suppression | 0.36 [0.11, 0.61] |
| Leppanen et al. (120) | AN | 29 | 29 (100%) | 26.2 (7.1) | 16.3 (2.1) | Evoked facial effect | EDEQ total | Suppression | −0.09 [-0.05, 0.29] |
| Krug et al. (121) | AN, BN, EDNOS | 135 | 135 (100%) | 25.6 (6.7) | 21.9 (15.1) | STAXI-2 anger expression (out) | EDI total | Suppression | 0.53 [0.36, 0.70] |
| Fassino et al. (122) | BED | 51 | 51 (100%) | 34.5 (8.9) | 36.5 (6.3) | STAXI-2 anger expression (out) | EDI drive for thinness | Suppression | 0.22 [-0.06, 0.51] |
| Danner et al. (75) | AN, BN, BED, EDNOS | 123 | 123 (100%) | 28.6 (8.4) | 23.8 (3.3) | ERQ suppression | EDDS total | Suppression | 0.08 [-0.10, 0.26] |
| Davies et al. (76) | AN, BN | 103 | 103 (100%) | 26.4 (8.5) | 18.1 (4.1) | ERQ suppression | EDEQ total | Suppression | 0.47 [0.28, 0.67] |
| Rothschild-Yakar et al. (77) | AN, BN | 25 | 25 (100%) | 17.2 (2.8) | 20.4 (4.0) | ERQ suppression | EAT total | Suppression | 0.19 [-0.23, 0.61] |
| Svaldi et al. (41) | AN, BN, BED | 63 | 63 (100%) | 30.7 (8.6) | 25.4 (4.3) | ERQ suppression | EDEQ total | Suppression | 0.51 [0.26, 0.76] |