Table 1.
Baseline and clinical characteristics of patients with a positive test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
|
Variables
|
All patients (n = 3830)
|
Non-severe1 (n = 2476)
|
Severe1 (n = 1354)
|
P
value
|
| Age in yr, median (IQR) | 64.2 (49.6- 77.3) | 62.1 (45.2-76) | 67.4 (55.6-79.1) | < 0.001 |
| Sex, n (%), Male | 1959 (51.1) | 1179 (47.6) | 780 (57.6) | < 0.001 |
| Ethnicity, n (%), Hispanic | 817 (21.5) | 565 (23) | 252 (18.8) | 0.003 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.12 | |||
| White | 1389 (36.6) | 877 (35.7) | 512 (38.2) | |
| Black | 1323 (34.8) | 848 (34.5) | 475 (35.4) | |
| Asian | 203 (5.3) | 133 (5.4) | 70 (5.2) | |
| Other | 883 (23.2) | 600 (24.4) | 283 (21.1) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), n (%) | 0.11 | |||
| ≤ 18.5 | 794 (23.2) | 519 (23.4) | 275 (22.8) | |
| 18.5-24.9 | 98 (2.9) | 56 (2.5) | 42 (3.5) | |
| 25-29.9 | 1036 (30.3) | 693 (31.3) | 343 (28.4) | |
| ≥ 30.0 | 1494 (43.7) | 946 (42.7) | 548 (45.4) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Chronic liver disease | 465 (12.1) | 295 (11.9) | 170 (12.6) | 0.56 |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||
| Congestive heart failure | 869 (22.7) | 395 (16) | 474 (35) | < 0.001 |
| HT without complications | 2575 (67.2) | 1766 (71.3) | 717 (53) | < 0.001 |
| HT with complications | 1347 (35.2) | 710 (28.7) | 637 (47) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Diabetes without complications | 1459 (38.1) | 856 (34.6) | 603 (44.5) | 0.017 |
| Diabetes with complications | 1270 (33.2) | 679 (27.4) | 591 (43.6) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 1065 (27.8) | 618 (25) | 447 (33) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic neurological disease | 1033 (27.0) | 569 (23) | 464 (34.3) | < 0.001 |
| CKD of any stage | 973 (25.4) | 491 (19.8) | 482 (35.6) | < 0.001 |
| Anemia | 1655 (43.2) | 906 (36.6) | 749 (55.3) | < 0.001 |
| Hypothyroidism | 557 (14.5) | 330 (13.3) | 227 (16.8) | 0.004 |
| Malignancies | ||||
| Primary cancer | 458 (12) | 276 (11.1) | 182 (13.4) | 0.036 |
| Metastatic cancer | 277 (7.2) | 167 (6.7) | 110 (8.1) | 0.12 |
| Laboratory findings, median (IQR) | ||||
| Liver biochemistries: | ||||
| ALT, median (IQR) | 28 (18-47) | 27 (18-45) | 30 (19-49) | 0.003 |
| Normal, n (%) | 1132 (29.6) | 852 (34.4) | 280 (20.7) | |
| Abnormal, n (%) | 2698 (70.4) | 1624 (65.6) | 1074 (79.3) | < 0.001 |
| 1-2 ULN, n (%) | 1225 (32) | 829 (33.5) | 396 (29.2) | |
| > 2-5 ULN, n (%) | 1009 (26.3) | 583 (23.5) | 426 (31.5) | |
| > 5 ULN, n (%) | 464 (12.1) | 212 (8.6) | 252 (18.6) | |
| AST, median (IQR) | 36 (25-55) | 34 (24-51.5) | 42 (29-64) | < 0.001 |
| Normal, n (%) | 2046 (55.6) | 1443 (60.5) | 603 (46.4) | |
| Abnormal, n (%) | 1637 (44.4) | 941 (39.5) | 696 (53.6) | < 0.001 |
| 1-2 ULN, n (%) | 1187 (32.2) | 704 (29.5) | 483 (37.2) | |
| > 2-5 ULN, n (%) | 361 (9.8) | 194 (8.1) | 167 (12.9) | |
| > 5 ULN, n (%) | 89 (2.4) | 43 (1.8) | 46 (3.5) | |
| T.Bil, median (IQR) | 0.5 (0.3-6.1) | 0.4 (0.3-6.0) | 0.5 (0.4-7.0) | < 0.001 |
| Normal, n (%) | 3496 (94.1) | 2286 (95.3) | 1210 (91.7) | |
| Abnormal, n (%) | 221 (5.9) | 112 (4.7) | 109 (8.3) | < 0.001 |
| 1-2 ULN, n (%) | 177 (4.8) | 89 (3.7) | 88 (6.7) | |
| > 2-5 ULN, n (%) | 34 (0.9) | 17 (0.7) | 17 (1.3) | |
| > 5 ULN, n (%) | 10 (0.3) | 6 (0.3) | 4 (0.3) | |
| ALP, median (IQR) | 78 (61-103) | 77 (61-100) | 79 (61-108) | 0.014 |
| Normal, n (%) | 3183 (83.9) | 2101 (85.6) | 1082 (80.7) | |
| Abnormal, n (%) | 611 (16.1) | 353 (14.4) | 258 (19.3) | < 0.001 |
| 1-2 ULN, n (%) | 525 (13.8) | 311 (12.7) | 214 (16) | |
| > 2-5 ULN, n (%) | 78 (2.1) | 38 (1.5) | 40 (3) | |
| > 5 ULN, n (%) | 8 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 4 (0.3) | |
| GGT, median (IQR) | 119 (63-199) | 116 (80-161) | 144.5 (59-245) | 0.54 |
| Serum Albumin, g/dL median (IQR) | 3.8 (3.4- 4.1) | 3.9 (3.5-4.2) | 3.6 (3.1-3.9) | < 0.001 |
| Total protein (g/L), median (IQR) | 6.5 (5.9- 7.1) | 6.7 (6.1-7.2) | 6.3 (5.7-6.9) | < 0.001 |
| Coagulation test: median (IQR) | ||||
| PT (s) | 11 (10.5-11.9) | 10.9 (10.4-11.6) | 11.4 (10.8-12.4) | < 0.001 |
| INR | 1.07 (1-1.14) | 1.05 (1.0-1.1) | 1.1 (1.02-1.20) | < 0.001 |
| APTT (s) | 26.2 (1.2-32.2) | 25.9 (1.1-31) | 25.7 (1.3-33.6) | < 0.001 |
| D-Dimer | 1.0 (0.57, 2.06) | 0.83 (0.5-1.62) | 0.4 (0.8-3.0) | < 0.001 |
| Routine blood tests: median (IQR) | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.9 (10.1, 13.3) | 12.2 (10.7-13.6) | 10.9 (9-12.7) | < 0.001 |
| White blood cell (/mcL) | 7.4 (5.1-10.5) | 6.8 (4.7-9.3) | 9 (6.4-13) | < 0.001 |
| Red blood cells (/mcL) | 4.06 (3.34-4.63) | 4.19 (3.59-4.70) | 3.81 (3.02-4.46) | < 0.001 |
| Platelets (/mcL) | 229 (168-309) | 223 (166-298) | 238 (172-327) | < 0.001 |
| Neutrophils(/mcL) | 36 (5.23-73) | 36 (4.6-70.7) | 38.9 (6.75-77.9) | < 0.001 |
| Lymphocytes (/mcL) | 15.4 (9.2-23.6) | 17.8 (11.3-26.1) | 11.5 (6.3-18.4) | < 0.001 |
| Renal function tests: median (IQR) | ||||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 (0.7-1.3) | 0.85 (0.7-1.1) | 1.03 (0.7-1.8) | < 0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, (mmol/L) | 17 (11-28) | 15 (10-22) | 25 (16-42) | < 0.001 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 138 (136-141) | 138 (136-140) | 139 (136-143) | < 0.001 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.1 (3.8-4.5) | 4.1 (3.8-4.4) | 4.2 (3.8-4.6) | < 0.001 |
| Inflammatory markers: median (IQR) | ||||
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 37 (14.5-90.8) | 24.7 (10.6-52.2) | 81.83 (31.2-181) | < 0.001 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 587 (265-1090) | 482 (207-900) | 810 (413.5-1462.5) | < 0.001 |
| C reactive protein (mg/L) | 8.4 (3.4-21.4) | 6.4 (2.5-15.5) | 13.6 (6.6-33.2) | < 0.001 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 495 (387-622) | 475 (374-579) | 524 (393-653) | < 0.001 |
| Lactate(mmol/L) | 1.4 (1.1-2.0) | 1.3 (1.0-1.7) | 1.6 (1.2-2.3) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiac markers: median (IQR) | ||||
| Cardiac troponin I (ng/L) | 0.07 (0.04-0.18) | 0.05 (0.03-0.1) | 0.09 (0.05-0.27) | < 0.001 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 327 (245-460) | 303 (229-411) | 385 (290-533) | < 0.001 |
1
Based on the World Health Organization disease severity classification.
SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2; IQR: Interquartile range; BMI: Body mass index; Fio2: Fraction of inspired oxygen; HIV/AIDS: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency síndrome; HT: Hypertension; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; ALT: Alanine aminotransferases; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; GGT: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; T-Bil: Total bilirubin; PT: Prothrombin time; INR: International normalized ratio; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; ULN: Upper limit of normal.