4. Biodiversity and other factors. 4.2. Antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Level of recommendation	Statement
	Statement: When using antibiotics in infancy, it should be taken into account that the use of antibiotics in the first 2 years of life is associated with a moderate increase in the risk of allergic asthma and a slight increase in the risk of hay fever and eczema in later life.
	Antibiotic use in pregnancy is associated with a moderate increase in the child’s risk of developing asthma and AD later in life.
	The use of paracetamol and other NSAIDs in toddlers or mothers during pregnancy cannot be clearly associated with an increased risk of asthma and rhinitis. No data on atopic dermatitis are available.
Level of evidence	Antibiotics: Ahmadizar 2018 (1–); Batool 2016 (2–); Goksör 2013 (2+); Hoskin-Parr 2016 (2+); Ong 2014 (2–); Pitter 2016 (2+); Wang 2013 (2++); Yamato-Hanada 2017 (2+); Kashanian 2017 (2-); Stensballe 2013 (2+); Örtqvist 2013 (2++); Stokholm 2014 (2+); Wohl 2015 (2–); Metzler 2019 (2+); Wu 2016 (2++); Metsälä 2015 (2++)
	Studies on analgesics: Amberbier 2014 (2+); Batool 2016 (2–); Cheelo 2015 (2–); Penarando 2015 (2+); Wang 2013 (2++); Hoeke 2016 (2+); Liu 2016 (2+); Sordillo 2015 (2++); Chu 2016 (2–); Magnus 2016 (2++); Piler 2016 (2+)
Level of consensus:	Strong consensus