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. 2022 Feb 23;13:823324. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.823324

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Copyright © 2022 Li, Wu, Hong, Gai, Cao, Zhang, Yang, Wang, Gao and Peng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Visualization of the handcrafted features through T-SNE. (A,C,E) Virtual data augmentation of SIFT, SURF, and ORB, respectively; (B,D,F) real image augmentation of SIFT, SURF, and ORB, respectively.