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. 2022 Feb 23;13:783506. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.783506

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Copyright © 2022 Ma, Lv, Yu, Jia, Song, Xu, Li, Sheng, Wang, Zhang and Gao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bilobalide induces autophagy in IL-1β-induced ATDC5 chondrocytes. (A,B) Western blot analysis of LC3II protein expression after IL-1β induced cartilage for different periods. (C,D) The number of autophagosomes was observed using MDC dye under a fluorescence microscope. Magnification ×10. (E) Autophagic vesicles were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Magnification ×3000. All data were presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). ** p < 0.01 compared to the control group; #p < 0.05 and ##p < 0.01 compared to the IL-1β group (Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA and paired two-tailed Student’s t-test).