TABLE 1.

SGLT2 inhibitors-induced changes in urinary sodium excretion and urinary volume.

	Subjects	Observation period	Food restriction etc.	Urinary sodium excretion	Urine volume	SGLT2 inhibitor	References
Animal experiments	Diabetic Wistar rats	Acute blockage	Standard diet	Increased by ∼2.70 fold	N/A	dapagliflozin	Thomson et al. (2012)
		Chronic blockage		No change
	SD rats	8 weeks	No	Increased by ∼1.21 fold	Increased by ∼1.60 fold	ipragliflozin	Masuda et al. (2018)
	SDT rats			No change	No change
	GK rats	8 weeks	No	Increased by ∼1.26 fold	Increased by ∼1.63 fold	ipragliflozin	Masuda et al. (2020)
	SHRcp rats	7 days	Standard diet	Increased by ∼1.24 fold	Increased by ∼2.0 fold	empagliflozin	Kusaka et al. (2016)
		10 weeks		No change	Increased by ∼2.22 fold
Clinical studies	T2D	18 days	Standard diet	No change	No change	dapagliflozin	Scholtes et al. (2021)
	Healthy volunteer	180 min	No	Increased by ∼1.47 fold	N/A	empagliflozin	Zanchi et al. (2020)
		1 month		NO change
	T2D	Day 1	No	Increased by ∼1.20 fold	Increased by ∼1.09 fold	canagliflozin	Tanaka et al. (2017)
		7 days		No change	No change
	T2D with heart failure	3 days	No	No change	mean difference, 535 ml (95% CI, 133–936)	empagliflozin	Mordi et al. (2020)
		6 weeks		No change	mean difference, 545 ml (95% CI, 136–954)
	Acute heart failure	96 h	No	No change	N/A	empagliflozin	Boorsma et al. (2021)
		30 days		No change
	T2D and chronic, stable heart failure	3 h	No	Increased by ∼1.71 fold	N/A	empagliflozin	Griffin et al. (2020a)
		14 days		Increased by ∼1.47 fold
	Healthy subjects	24 h	a fixed diet with ≈110 mmol·d−1 of Na+	Increased by ∼1.34 fold	N/A	dapagliflozin	Wilcox et al. (2018)

SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; T2D, type 2 diabetes; SD, Sprague-Dawley; SDT, spontaneously diabetic Torii; GK, Goto-Kakizaki; SHRcp, metabolic syndrome SHR/NDmcr-cp (+/+); N/A, not available.