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Indole inhibits PQS synthesis and EV production. The production of PQS is initiated with anthranilic acid. PQS involves in the production of several bacterial virulence factors and biofilm formation, and it positively regulates the production of EV through gene regulation or enzymatic reactions. Indole can inhibit EV production by involving in the synthesis or the degradation of anthranilic acid and affecting the activation of PQS synthesis-related enzymes.
