Table 4.
Key protein groups in Bulinus truncatus with likely or suggested roles in the immune/defence system of the snail, interactions with pathogens and/or susceptibility/resistance to schistosome infection(s), and associated signalling, supported by published evidence or information
| Protein group | No. of sequences | Known or suggested role(s) in | Key module/pathway association(s) (KEGG pathway terms) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Methyltransferases | 137 | Parasite-host interactions, environmental signalling | Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway, thermogenesis | Geyer et al. (2017) |
| Lectins | 123 | Immune response | C-type lectin receptor signalling pathway, extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, lysosome, phagosome | Dheilly et al. (2015); Buddenborg et al. (2017) |
| Kinases | 113 | Signalling in response to environmental and pathogenic stressors | Apoptosis, autophagy, calcium signalling pathway, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling pathway, C-type lectin receptor signalling pathway, ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, MAPK signalling pathway, necroptosis, NF-kappa B signalling pathway, olfactory transduction, peroxisome, pathogen interaction, thermogenesis, Toll-like receptor signalling pathway | Adema et al. (2017) |
| FREPs/FReDs | 69 | Susceptibility/resistance to schistosome infection, immune response | ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion | Lockyer et al. (2012); Dheilly et al. (2015); Gordy et al. (2015); Lu et al. (2020) |
| Phosphatases | 59 | Signalling in response to environmental and pathogenic stressors | cAMP signalling pathway, C-type lectin receptor signalling pathway, focal adhesion, MAPK signalling pathway, NF-kappa B signalling pathway, Toll-like receptor signalling pathway | Adema et al. (2017) |
| BIRs/IAPs | 58 | Drug response, apoptosis, innate immune responses | Toll and Imd signalling pathway, NF-kappa B signalling pathway | Adema et al. (2017); Buddenborg et al. (2019) |
| Chitinases | 47 | Susceptibility/resistance to schistosome infection, excretory/secretory product | Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism | Tennessen et al. (2015); Fogarty et al. (2019) |
| Calmodulins | 31 | Stress response, drug susceptibility | C-type lectin receptor signalling pathway, environmental adaptation | Buddenborg et al. (2019) |
| Cathepsins | 23 | Susceptibility/resistance to schistosome infection, excretory/secretory product | Antigen processing and presentation, apoptosis, autophagy, lysosome, phagosome | Fogarty et al. (2019) |
| Toll-/IL-1-related proteins | 14 | Susceptibility/resistance to schistosome infection, immune response | Cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, MAPK signalling pathway, necroptosis, NF-kappa B signalling pathway, phagosome, Toll and Imd signalling pathway, Toll-like receptor signalling pathway | Kenny et al. (2016); Pila et al. (2016) |
| Guadeloupe Resistance Complex (GRC) | 9 (15 in Bi. glabrata) | Susceptibility/resistance to schistosome infection | Lysosome, endocytosis | Tennessen et al. (2015) |
| Polymorphic Transmembrane Cluster 2 (PTC2) | 3 (11 in Bi. glabrata) | Susceptibility/resistance to schistosome infection | na | Tennessen et al. (2020) |
Abbreviation: na, not available.