TABLE 1.

Measures of Psychosocial Risk and Protective Factors

Risk Factors
Antisocial Behavior	Item wording / Response scale
Fighting	The item asked, “During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight?” (8 responses, 0 times to 12 or more times).
General weapon carrying	“During the past 30 days, how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club?” (5 responses, 0 days to 6 or more days).
Weapon carrying at school	“During the past 30 days, how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property?” (5 responses, 0 days to 6 or more days).
Psychiatric symptomatology
Depression	The item asked, “During the past 12 months, did you ever feel so sad and hopeless almost every day for 2 weeks or more in a row that you stopped doing some usual activities?” (no or yes).
Suicide ideation	An item on suicide ideation asked, “During the past 12 months, did you ever seriously consider committing suicide?” (no or yes).
Sexual risk behavior
Sexual history	An item on lifetime sexual history asked, “Have you ever had sexual intercourse?” (no or yes).
Lifetime No. partners	“During your life, with how many people have you had sexual intercourse?” (7 responses; never had sexual intercourse to had intercourse with 6 or more people).
Collateral substance use
Lifetime alcohol history	“How old were you when you had your first drink of alcohol, other than a few sips?” (7 responses, never had alcohol to 17 years or older).
Recent alcohol use	“During the past 30 days, on how many days did you have at least 1 drink of alcohol?” (7 responses, 0 d to all 30 days).
Recent binge drinking	“During the past 30 days, on how many days did you have 4 or more drinks in a row, that is, within a couple of hours (if female) or 5 or more drinks of alcohol in a row (if you are male)?” (7 responses, 0 days to 20 or more days).
Inhalant use	The item asked, “During your life, how many times have you sniffed glue, breathed the contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaled any paints or sprays to get high?” (6 responses, 0 times to 40 or more times).
Nonauthorized prescription drug use	The item asked, “During your life, how many times have you taken prescription pain medicine without a doctor’s prescription or differently from how a doctor told you how to use it?” (6 responses, 0 times to 40 or more times).
Protective factors
School grades	Academic performance was indexed by using the following question: “During the past year how would you describe your grades in school?” (5 responses, mostly Fs to mostly As).
Seat belt use	An item on self-protective behavior asked, “How often do you wear a seat belt when riding in a car driven by someone else?” (5 responses, never to always).