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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 9.
Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2021 Jul 7;152(Pt 2):106714. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106714

Table 1.

Participant Characteristics1

Overall Cumulative Vulnerability Categories P-value
n = 775 low (n=176) moderate (n=412) high (n=187)
Population < 0.0001
 Affective Disorders 258 (33.29) 71 (40.34)a 148 (35.92)b 39 (20.86)c
 Opioid Use Dependent 260 (33.55) 12 (6.82)a 130 (31.55)b 118 (63.10)c
 Disadvantaged Women 257 (33.16) 93 (52.84)a 134 (32.52)b 30 (16.04)c
Age (M ± SD) 35.59 ± 11.05 33.19 ± 9.12a 35.25 ± 11.21a 38.58 ± 11.73b < 0.0001
Gender (% Female) 551 (71.10) 138 (78.41)a 296 (71.84)a 117 (62.57)b 0.004
Race/Ethnicity 0.74
 Non-Latino White 630 (82.14) 148 (84.57)a 329 (80.84)a 153 (82.70)a
 Non-Latino Black 68 (8.87) 11 (6.29)a 39 (9.58)a 18 (9.73)a
 Latino 23 (3.00) 6 (3.43)a 14 (3.44)a 3 (1.62)a
 Non-Latino Other or >1 race 46 (6.00) 10 (5.71)a 25 (6.14)a 11 (5.95)a
Education < 0.0001
 8th Grade or Less/Some High School 102 (13.16) 2 (1.14)a 49 (11.89)b 51 (27.27)c
 High School Graduate/Equivalent/Some college 570 (73.55) 132 (75.00)a 310 (75.24)b 128 (68.45)c
 2-Year Associate’s Degree 38 (4.90) 10 (5.68)a 24 (5.83)b 4 (2.14)c
 College Graduate/4-Year Degree/Graduate Degree 65 (8.39) 32 (18.18)a 29 (7.04)b 4 (2.14)c
Marital Status 0.09
 Married 112 (14.45) 29 (16.48)a 66 (16.02)a 17 (9.09)b
 Never married 461 (59.48) 107 (60.80)a 243 (58.98)a 111 (59.36)b
 Divorced or Separated/Widowed 202 (26.06) 40 (22.73)a 103 (25.00)a 59 (31.55)b
Primary smoker of mentholated cigarettes 351 (45.29) 70 (39.77)a 201 (48.79)b 80 (42.78)a,b 0.10
Cigarettes smoked per day (M ± SD) 17.79 ± 9.18 14.74 ± 6.78a 17.39 ± 8.87b 21.56 ± 10.49c < 0.0001
Urine Cotinine Level, ng/ml (M ± SD) 4929.35 ± 3771.79 4329.94 ± 3193.98a 4958.97 ± 3823.61a,b 5430.12 ± 4088.13b 0.03
NMR (% with NMR >= 0.31) 526 (73.06) 115 (67.65)a 279 (73.04)a,b 132 (78.57)b 0.07
Breath CO level (M ± SD) 18.02 ± 9.85 16.91 ± 8.98a 17.69 ± 10.17a 19.77 ± 9.74b 0.002
Age started smoking regularly (M ± SD) 16.14 ± 3.97 16.73 ± 4.03a 16.10 ± 3.63a 15.66 ± 4.54b 0.0002
Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence (M ± SD) 5.56 ± 2.35 4.72 ± 2.19a 5.51 ± 2.35b 6.45 ± 2.19c < 0.0001
Heaviness of Smoking Index (M ± SD) 3.49 ± 1.54 2.96 ± 1.40a 3.42 ± 1.58b 4.13 ± 1.36c < 0.0001
Used Other Tobacco Products, Last 30 days 117 (17.67) 24 (14.63)a 63 (18.16)a 30 (19.87)a 0.45
Vulnerabilities
 Substance use 260 (33.55) 12 (6.82)a 130 (31.55)b 118 (63.10)c < 0.0001
 Affective disorder 394 (50.84) 83 (47.16)a 203 (49.27)a,b 108 (57.75)b 0.09
 Low education 408 (52.65) 25 (14.20)a 221 (53.64)b 162 (86.63)c < 0.0001
 Unemployed 230 (29.72) 3 (1.70)a 119 (28.95)b 108 (57.75)c < 0.0001
 Disabled 116 (14.99) 0 (0.00)a 57 (13.87)b 59 (31.55)c < 0.0001
 Poverty 405 (53.29) 14 (8.14)a 215 (53.48)b 176 (94.62)c < 0.0001
 Rural 145 (18.71) 15 (8.52)a 84 (20.39)b 46 (24.60)b 0.0002
1

Unless otherwise indicated, data are expressed as number (percentage)

a,b,c

Measures not sharing a superscript letter differed significantly in post-hoc testing

NOTE: results that do not share superscript letters are significantly different from each other