TABLE 1.

G‐ and GO‐based nanosystems for cancer therapy with promising advantages

G‐ and GO‐based nanosystems	Applications	Important features	Refs.
Multifunctionalized GO	Targeted cancer therapy and drug delivery	– No noticeable toxic effects – Higher drug stacking capability – pH‐responsive drug discharge features – Particular target transport and effectual cell inhibition	100
Carboxymethyl cellulose‐GO	Targeted and sustained drug delivery	– No noticeable toxicity with sustained and prolonged release of doxorubicin – Incorporation of GO nanosheets highly improved the swelling capacity of hydrogels	118
GO	Cancer therapy and drug delivery system	– Sustained‐release nanoformulation – Improved suppression of cancer cell growth	119
GO‐hyaluronic acid‐Arg‐Gly‐Asp peptide	Targeted cancer therapy and anticancer drug delivery	– Low toxicity – High drug loading – Improved specificity and efficiency of anticancer drug delivery	120
Magnetic GO‐chitosan‐PEG‐N‐Hydroxysuccinimide	Anticancer drug delivery system	– Good biocompatibility – Low cytotoxicity – pH‐responsive controllable drug release behavior – High drug loading potentials	121
polyvinylpyrrolidone‐ and β‐cyclodextrin‐modified GO	Targeted anticancer drug delivery	– Low toxicity – pH‐dependent drug release	122
GO@soy phosphatidylcholine‐folic acid nanohybrid	Antitumor therapy and targeted drug delivery	– No noticeable toxicity – pH‐dependable drug release – Improved steadiness and good biocompatibility – Higher drug packing ability – Effectual cellular uptake – Regulated drug discharge	123
Chitosan‐grafted‐poly(methacrylic acid)/GO	Anticancer drug delivery	– No detectable toxicity – Significant biocompatibility – High drug packing capacity – pH‐dependent drug delivery performance	124
GO/chitosan oligosaccharide/γ‐polyglutamic acid	Anticancer drug delivery	– No detectable toxicity – Simple delivery and controllable anticancer drug release behavior	125
Superparamagnetic iron oxide‐GO	Smart nanotheranostics platform	– Good biocompatibility – pH‐dependable drug release	126
Chitosan‐carboxylated GO	Gene delivery	– High gene transferring properties	127
Modified GO	Gene delivery	– Low toxicity – Improved release of DNA – Suitable interaction with DNA and hydrophobic immune adjuvant	128
GO/ethylene glycol‐polycaprolactone	Anticancer drug delivery; tumor therapy	– Low cytotoxicity – Improved biocompatibility and biodegradability – High drug release and inhibition of tumor growth	129
GO‐nanoscale hydroxyapatite	Cancer therapy (chemotherapy and photothermal therapy)	– High biocompatibility – High photothermal therapy activity – Improved drug release behavior – High drug loading capacity	130
Polymer G nano‐aerogels	Anticancer drug delivery	– High anticancer drug‐releasing with pH‐dependable behavior	131
Starch‐G nanosheets	Anticancer drug delivery	– High anticancer drug loading capacity – Sustained‐release behavior – Good biocompatibility – Low toxicity with improved therapeutic efficacy	132
Reduced‐GO nanostructures	Cancer therapy and anti‐inflammatory effects	– Anti‐proliferative activity with high efficacy	133
Reduced‐GO nanostructures	Anticancer drug delivery	– Sustained pH‐sensitive drug release – Improved therapeutic efficacy – High drug loading capacity – High hemolytic toxicity to rabbit red blood cells	101
Nanoscale GO loaded with HN‐1 (a tumor‐targeted peptide)	Anticancer drug delivery	– High stability to the biological solution – High tumor‐targeting behavior – pH‐responsive drug release – High cellular uptakes and cytotoxicity toward tumor cells	134
D‐mannose‐mediated chitosan‐functionalized GO nanosystems	Anticancer drug delivery	– Good biocompatibility – Targeted and controlled delivery – Intracellular discharge of marine algae‐mediated anticancer drugs versus glioblastoma cancers (e.g., ulvan)	135
5‐Fluorouracil and curcumin loaded chitosan/reduced GO nanocomposites	Anticancer drug delivery	– Synergistic inhibitory effects against the growth of HT‐29 colon cancerous cells – Dual‐drug loading properties – Improved targeting properties	136