Figure 3.

Differences in alveolar, endothelial, club cell, and cardiovascular injury markers among intubated versus nonintubated patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) at Day 0, 3, and 7. Multivariable estimates expressed as fold difference in biomarker levels between patients who were invasively ventilated or who died (n = 74) versus patients who were alive and ventilating spontaneously (n = 151), by study day. The y-axis shows the fold difference in biomarker level and the x-axis the P value. Error bars indicate the 95% confidence interval for the fold difference. The horizontal dotted lines indicate a fold difference of 1.0 (no difference). The vertical dotted lines indicate P = 0.05. IMV = invasive mechanical ventilation.