Fig 7. The overall effect of air pollution linked at the local authority level on individuals’ mental well-being by ethnicity and country of birth (N = 349,748 surveys from 60,146 individuals).

The dashed line is placed at OR = 1 as a cut-off for statistically insignificant results; The solid line separates between the air pollution-ethnicity interaction models and the air pollution-country of birth interaction models; Air pollution-ethnicity interaction models are adjusted for country of birth, age, gender, marital status, education, occupation, perceived financial situation, smoking status, and year dummies (2009 to 2019); Air pollution-country of birth interaction models are adjusted for ethnicity, age, gender, marital status, education, occupation, perceived financial situation, smoking status, and year dummies (2009 to 2019).