Table 1. Levels of lignans, flavonoids, and selected primary metabolites in Cleome seed coats at different stages of development (DAP).
Metabolites were measured by nontargeted GC-MS analysis, and data show means and SDs for four biological replicates. See dataset S1 for further details and statistical analysis and fig. S3 for the structures of the six most abundant lignans.
| Metabolite | Metabolite concentration (μg/g fresh weight sorbitol equivalents) | |||
| 8 DAP | 12DAP | 16DAP | 20 DAP | |
| Lignans: | ||||
| Trans-isoamericanol A | 0.0 | 0.0 | 848 ± 116 | 1350 ± 108 |
| 4′,4″-Dihydroxyenterolactone | 0.0 | 0.0 | 290 ± 45 | 468 ± 36 |
| Trans-americanin A | 0.0 | 0.0 | 74.9 ± 9.7 | 114.3 ± 11.1 |
| Iso-caffeyl alcohol-3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid benzodioxane |
1.8 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 33.6 ± 2.9 | 98.7 ± 2.2 |
| (±)-3,3′-Bisdemethylpinoresinol | 0.0 | 0.0 | 37.6 ± 4.4 | 86.3 ± 2.5 |
| Trans-americanol A | 0.0 | 0.0 | 43.9 ± 6.9 | 72.8 ± 4.6 |
| Caffeyl alcohol 2-O-3/6-O-3 lignan | 0.0 | 0.0 | 16.0 ± 3.7 | 29.0 ± 4.2 |
| (3R,4R)-Rel-3,4-bis[(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) methyl]dihydro-2(3H)-furanone |
0.0 | 0.0 | 15.3 ± 2.6 | 23.9 ± 1.8 |
| Cis-isoamericanol A | 0.0 | 0.0 | 13.7 ± 1.1 | 23.7 ± 1.0 |
| Trans-isoamericanin A | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.6 ± 1.3 | 15.4 ± 1.9 |
| Trans-isoamericanoic acid | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.4 |
| Trans-caffeyl alcohol-caffealdehyde resinol | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.6 |
| Cis-americanin A | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.5 |
| Trans-iso-caffeyl alcohol-caffeic acid resinol | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.1 |
| Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 12.8 ± 4.4 | 6.2 ± 0.8 | 4.5 ± 0.8 |
| Pinoresinol | 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 |
| Trans-caffeyl alcohol 4-O-glucoside | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.1 ± 0.4 | 16.8 ± 0.6 |
| Flavonoids: | ||||
| Kaempferol | 40.4 ± 5.5 | 46.3 ± 15.4 | 17.9 ± 3.9 | 9.8 ± 2.1 |
| Aromadendrin (dihydrokaempferol) | 22.61 ± 1.37 | 8.44 ± 2.07 | 2.04 ± 0.27 | 0.98 ± 0.13 |
| Trans-3,4-leucopelargonidin | 57.01 ± 3.55 | 6.24 ± 0.91 | 0.82 ± 0.19 | 0.15 ± 0.06 |
| Afzelechin | 26.47 ± 2.10 | 19.94 ± 6.56 | 2.43 ± 0.41 | 0.53 ± 0.15 |
| Selected primary metabolites: | ||||
| Citric acid | 788 ± 39 | 949 ± 45 | 836 ± 45 | 126 ± 6 |
| Malic acid | 780.7 ± 56.0 | 262.6 ± 16.3 | 45.3 ± 1.0 | 40.0 ± 2.8 |
| Sucrose | 21849 ± 1030 | 11110 ± 1234 | 2245 ± 280 | 1119 ± 204 |
| Glucose | 12008 ± 512 | 4542 ± 511 | 1343 ± 106 | 460 ± 32 |
| Fructose | 2322 ± 204 | 600 ± 35 | 231 ± 7 | 51 ± 4 |
| Oleic acid | 94 ± 11 | 156 ± 72 | 435 ± 92 | 525 ± 124 |
| Linoleic acid | 264 ± 27 | 600 ± 284 | 1053 ± 246 | 985 ± 217 |
| Glyceric acid | 236.7 ± 36.1 | 17.9 ± 1.3 | 6.4 ± 0.4 | 5.5 ± 0.9 |