Table 1:
Patient characteristics and preoperative findings
| Variables | STAS (+) (N = 41)N (%) |
STAS (−) (N = 68)N (%) |
Total (N = 109)N (%) |
P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | 95% CI | Mean ± SD | 95% CI | Mean ± SD | 95% CI | ||
| Age (years) | 66.1 ± 7.92 | 63.6–68.6 | 63.3 ± 9.88 | 70.1–65.7 | 64.4 ± 9.12 | 62.6–66.1 | 0.147 |
| Gender | 0.541 | ||||||
| Men | 28 (68.3) | 26 (38.2) | 39 (35.8) | ||||
| Women | 13 (31.7) | 42 (61.8) | 70 (64.2) | ||||
| Smoking | 0.919 | ||||||
| Never | 31 (73.4) | 49 (72.1) | 80 (73.4) | ||||
| Ex | 8 (19.5) | 15 (22.1) | 23 (21.1) | ||||
| Current | 2 (4.9) | 4 (5.9) | 6 (5.5) | ||||
| PPY | 32.4 ± 19.14 | 19.5–45.3 | 28.9 ± 19.14 | 19.7–38.2 | 30.2 ± 18.53 | 23.1–37.2 | 0.645 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Hypertension | 22 (37.6) | 26 (54.2) | 48 (44.0) | 0.116 | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 7 (17.1) | 11 (16.2) | 18 (16.5) | 1.000 | |||
| Atrial fibrillation | 2 (4.9) | 3 (4.4) | 5 (4.6) | 1.000 | |||
| Angina | 7 (17.1) | 2 (2.9) | 9 (8.3) | 0.025 | |||
| Heart failure | 3 (7.3) | 2 (2.9) | 5 (4.6) | 0.362 | |||
| Liver cirrhosis | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.9) | 2 (1.8) | 0.526 | |||
| Renal insufficiency | 2 (4.9) | 4 (5.9) | 6 (5.5) | 1.000 | |||
| Stroke | 0 (0.0) | 3 (4.4) | 3 (2.8) | 0.290 | |||
| COPD | 1 (2.4) | 3 (4.4) | 4 (3.7) | 1.000 | |||
| Interstitial pneumonitis | 5 (12.2) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (4.6) | 0.013 | |||
| Double primary cancer | 0.574 | ||||||
| Lung | 2 (4.9) | 1 (1.5) | 3 (2.8) | ||||
| Other organs | 11 (26.8) | 19 (27.9) | 30 (27.5) | ||||
| CCI | 3.2 ± 1.49 | 2.8–3.7 | 2.9 ± 1.99 | 2.4–3.3 | 3.0 ± 1.82 | 2.7–3.3 | 0.107 |
| Preoperative PFT | |||||||
| FEV1 | 2.3 ± 0.55 | 2.1–2.5 | 2.5 ± 0.51 | 2.3–2.6 | 2.4 ± 0.54 | 2.3–2.5 | 0.113 |
| FEV1 (%) | 90.0 ± 16.49 | 84.8–95.2 | 93.6 ± 14.65 | 90.0–97.1 | 92.2 ± 15.39 | 89.3–95.2 | 0.237 |
| DLCO | 15.4 ± 3.18 | 14.4–16.5 | 16.8 ± 4.02 | 15.8–17.9 | 16.3 ± 3.76 | 15.5–17.1 | 0.109 |
| DLCO (%) | 67.8 ± 30.05 | 57.9–77.7 | 63.5 ± 32.18 | 55.2–71.8 | 65.2 ± 31.09 | 58.9–71.4 | 0.511 |
| CT diameter | |||||||
| Total diameter | 21.0 ± 4.94 | 19.5–22.6 | 19.0 ± 4.90 | 17.8–20.2 | 19.8 ± 4.99 | 18.8–20.7 | 0.051 |
| <2.0 cm | 16 (39.0) | 33 (48.5) | 49 (45.0) | 0.427 | |||
| ≥2.0 cm | 25 (61.0) | 35 (51.5) | 60 (55.0) | ||||
| Solid | 19.5 ± 5.04 | 17.9–21.1 | 14.7 ± 6.27 | 13.1–16.2 | 16.5 ± 6.27 | 15.3–17.7 | <0.001 |
| 1.5 cm | 10 (48.6) | 43 (63.2) | 53 (48.6) | <0.001 | |||
| ≥1.5 cm | 31 (75.6) | 25 (36.8) | 56 (51.4) | ||||
| CT ratio | 0.9 ± 0.12 | 0.89–0.97 | 0.76 ± 0.23 | 0.70–0.81 | 0.82 ± 0.21 | 0.78–0.86 | <0.001 |
| <85% | 8 (19.5) | 40 (58.8) | 48 (44.0) | <0.001 | |||
| ≥85% | 33 (80.5) | 28 (41.2) | 61 (56.0) | ||||
| CT location | 1.000 | ||||||
| Parenchymal | 16 (39.0) | 26 (38.2) | 42 (38.5) | ||||
| Peripheral | 25 (61.0) | 42 (61.8) | 67 (61.5) | ||||
| Clinical stage | |||||||
| T stages | 0.277 | ||||||
| 1a | 2 (4.9) | 4 (5.9) | 6 (5.5) | ||||
| 1b | 9 (22.0) | 23 (33.8) | 32 (29.4) | ||||
| 1c | 3 (7.9) | 3 (4.4) | 6 (5.5) | ||||
| 2a | 25 (61.0) | 38 (55.9) | 63 (57.8) | ||||
| 3 | 2 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.8) | ||||
| N stages | |||||||
| N0 | 39 (95.1) | 67 (98.5) | 106 (97.2) | ||||
| N1 | 2 (4.9) | 1 (1.5) | 3 (2.8) | ||||
| IA1 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (0.9) | 0.195 | |||
| IA2 | 11 (26.8) | 26 (38.2) | 37 (33.9) | ||||
| IA3 | 2 (4.9) | 3 (4.4) | 5 (4.6) | ||||
| IB | 25 (61.0) | 37 (54.4) | 62 (56.9) | ||||
| IIA | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (0.9) | ||||
| IIB | 3 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.8) | ||||
CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; CI: confidence interval; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CT: consolidative tumour; DLCO: diffuse capacity of lung for carbon monoxide; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; PFT: pulmonary function test; PPY: pack per year; SD: standard deviation; STAS: spread through air spaces.