Table 2.

Summary statistics of independent variables.

	Variables	Unit	Mean	Std. D	Min	Max	Form in regression	Source
1	total population	million	66.90	196.56	0.35	1392.73	log	World bank
2	population 65+	%	11.2	6.7	1.1	27.6	%	World bank
3	population density	per square kilometer	229	809	3	7953	log	World bank
4	urban population ratio	%	64.72	21.36	17.21	100.00	%	World bank
5	temperature	${}^{\circ }$C	14.78	11.01	-15.17	31.91		Climate Change Knowledge Portal
6	rainfall	millimeter	63.65	56.66	0.00	356.37	log	Climate Change Knowledge Portal
7	GDP per capita	dollars	20,436	23,929	499	1,16,597	log	World bank
8	debt ratio	%	52	36	6	198	%	CEIC
9	employment in agriculture	%	18.77	18.71	0.06	72.45	%	World bank
10	Industrial ratio	%	26.90	8.30	11.32	56.89	%	World bank
11	Gini coefficient		37.44	8.15	24.20	63.00		World bank
12	international visitors	per million people	7,80,549	10,89,944	4552	66,44,912	log	World bank
13	international trade		0.88	1.63	0.00	10.85		United Nations Comtrade
14	health expenditure	%	6.91	2.65	2.27	17.06	%	World bank
15	GHS		49.03	13.36	25.20	83.50		https://www.ghsindex.org/
16	hospital beds	per thousand people	3.33	2.60	0.30	13.40	log	World bank
17	SARS outbreak		0.26	0.44	0	1	0 or 1	World Health Organizatio
18	government expenditure	%	16.36	4.98	4.93	30.05	%	World bank
19	political regime		1.90	1.00	0.00	3.00		Our World in Data
20	government effectiveness		0.38	0.88	-1.07	2.23		Worldwide Governance Indicators, World Bank
21	rest of world infections		1.81*107	1.7*107	0	6.05*107	log	World Health Organizatio
22	rest of region infection		2.8*106	4.6*106	0	2.51*107	log	World Health Organizatio
23	daily test ratio	per million people	13,082	45,347	0.644	4,50,019	log	Humanitarian Data Exchange
24	Economic stimulus spending	dollars	1.21*1011	4.24*1011	9*106	2.86*1012	log	Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker database
25	Economic support index		62	23	12.5	100		Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker database

For definitions and sources, see data appendix.