Table A.2.
Risk and protective factors for deaths: robustness checks 1.
| Dependent variable | log of deaths per million population |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
| sample | Monthly | Jan-April | May-Nov | 105th day | Density 1K- | no China | lag test ratio |
| Days | 0.038*** | 0.080*** | 0.032*** | 0.028*** | 0.025*** | 0.027*** | |
| (7.497) | (7.704) | (5.671) | (6.229) | (6.020) | (6.483) | ||
| Days2 | -0.000*** | -0.001*** | -0.000*** | -0.000*** | -0.000*** | -0.000*** | |
| (-5.096) | (-3.956) | (-5.073) | (-5.696) | (-5.782) | (-5.713) | ||
| total population | 0.136 | -0.183** | 0.174 | 0.188 | 0.120 | 0.105 | 0.147 |
| (1.149) | (-2.433) | (1.304) | (1.223) | (1.028) | (0.848) | (1.254) | |
| population 65+ | -0.011 | 0.008 | -0.016 | -0.025 | -0.008 | -0.002 | -0.005 |
| (-0.325) | (0.289) | (-0.439) | (-0.600) | (-0.239) | (-0.067) | (-0.163) | |
| population density | 0.189** | 0.184*** | 0.186* | 0.237* | 0.228** | 0.165* | 0.184* |
| (1.987) | (3.142) | (1.770) | (1.940) | (2.165) | (1.767) | (1.958) | |
| temperature | -0.080*** | -0.051*** | -0.087*** | -0.099*** | -0.075*** | -0.078*** | -0.078*** |
| (-5.067) | (-4.792) | (-4.996) | (-5.089) | (-4.842) | (-5.045) | (-4.927) | |
| rainfall | -0.012 | 0.169** | -0.045 | -0.026 | -0.023 | -0.020 | -0.027 |
| (-0.095) | (2.393) | (-0.337) | (-0.172) | (-0.182) | (-0.162) | (-0.220) | |
| GDP per capita | 0.870*** | 0.536*** | 0.904*** | 1.039*** | 0.933*** | 0.947*** | 0.947*** |
| (5.079) | (3.841) | (4.727) | (4.687) | (5.465) | (5.262) | (5.717) | |
| Gini coefficient | 0.044** | -0.013 | 0.055*** | 0.054** | 0.043** | 0.041** | 0.042** |
| (2.440) | (-1.028) | (2.796) | (2.183) | (2.451) | (2.274) | (2.389) | |
| international visitors | 0.186 | 0.121 | 0.195 | 0.149 | 0.199 | 0.151 | 0.171 |
| (1.451) | (1.531) | (1.357) | (0.862) | (1.506) | (1.133) | (1.325) | |
| international trade | -0.189* | 0.051 | -0.244** | -0.201 | -0.166* | -0.027 | -0.172* |
| (-1.857) | (0.838) | (-2.001) | (-1.577) | (-1.791) | (-0.227) | (-1.797) | |
| health expenditure | 0.224*** | 0.080** | 0.253*** | 0.234*** | 0.215*** | 0.181*** | 0.216*** |
| (4.583) | (2.327) | (4.572) | (3.812) | (4.304) | (3.136) | (4.342) | |
| hospital beds | -0.632*** | -0.724*** | -0.621** | -0.678** | -0.622*** | -0.640*** | -0.632*** |
| (-2.801) | (-4.391) | (-2.508) | (-2.419) | (-2.674) | (-2.825) | (-2.769) | |
| SARS outbreak | 0.111 | 0.188 | 0.068 | 0.126 | 0.180 | 0.051 | 0.102 |
| (0.307) | (0.734) | (0.169) | (0.293) | (0.486) | (0.139) | (0.283) | |
| government expenditure | -0.008 | 0.027* | -0.017 | 0.006 | -0.010 | -0.007 | -0.009 |
| (-0.315) | (1.682) | (-0.624) | (0.198) | (-0.425) | (-0.301) | (-0.361) | |
| government effectiveness | -1.040*** | -0.659*** | -1.095*** | -1.078*** | -1.065*** | -1.120*** | -1.100*** |
| (-3.821) | (-2.702) | (-3.783) | (-3.244) | (-3.900) | (-4.115) | (-4.019) | |
| rest of world infection | -0.040 | 0.141 | -0.472* | -0.377 | 0.124 | 0.204 | 0.120 |
| (-0.250) | (1.544) | (-1.797) | (-0.970) | (0.979) | (1.596) | (1.031) | |
| daily test ratio | 0.010 | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.024 | 0.008 | 0.002 | |
| (0.353) | (0.326) | (0.267) | (0.587) | (0.288) | (0.082) | ||
| 30 day lag daily test ratio | 0.008 | ||||||
| (0.294) | |||||||
| Number of observations | 24,241 | 4091 | 20,150 | 97 | 23,502 | 23,919 | 24,241 |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.662 | 0.694 | 0.600 | 0.503 | 0.649 | 0.653 | 0.647 |
Notes: 1. t-values are reported in parentheses. The stars *, ** and *** indicate the significance at 10%, 5% and 1%. 2. Days stands for the number of days since first death case. 3. Column (1) reports results adding monthly dummies. 4. Columns (2) and (3) report results for subsamples during Jan-April and May-No. 2020, respectively. 5. Column (4) reports results for subsamples of day 105 since first death case. 6. Column (5) reports results excluding countris with population density larger than 1000 people per square kilometer. 7. Column (6) reports results excluding China in the sample. 8. Column (7) resports results using the 30-day lag of daily test ratio.