Table A.3.
Risk and protective factors for deaths: robustness checks 2.
| Dependent variable | log of deaths per million population |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| sample | Region | Neighborhood | no Africa | Northern | OECD | Europe | Pop. 2M+ | CFR |
| Days | 0.028*** | 0.020*** | 0.027*** | 0.028*** | -0.006 | 0.002 | 0.029*** | 0.039** |
| (6.144) | (6.682) | (4.896) | (6.129) | (-0.780) | (0.239) | (6.608) | (2.731) | |
| Days2 | -0.000*** | -0.000*** | -0.000*** | -0.000*** | -0.000 | -0.000 | -0.000*** | -0.000*** |
| (-5.513) | (-5.065) | (-4.842) | (-5.853) | (-0.597) | (-1.284) | (-5.886) | (-4.560) | |
| total population | 0.140 | 0.160 | 0.205 | 0.060 | 0.292 | 0.128 | 0.132 | 1.110*** |
| (1.407) | (1.519) | (1.536) | (0.515) | (1.354) | (1.023) | (0.974) | (3.039) | |
| population 65+ | -0.020 | -0.019 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.026 | -0.002 | -0.007 | 0.470*** |
| (-0.671) | (-0.634) | (0.020) | (0.101) | (0.608) | (-0.050) | (-0.209) | (2.955) | |
| population density | 0.126* | 0.185** | 0.157 | 0.177 | 0.456*** | 0.445** | 0.163 | 0.538* |
| (1.729) | (2.222) | (1.590) | (1.488) | (3.290) | (2.371) | (1.575) | (1.826) | |
| temperature | -0.025** | -0.068*** | -0.084*** | -0.071*** | -0.035* | -0.064 | -0.076*** | -0.073** |
| (-2.276) | (-3.998) | (-5.311) | (-3.500) | (-2.007) | (-1.609) | (-4.624) | (-2.592) | |
| rainfall | -0.049 | -0.084 | 0.218 | 0.005 | -0.692* | 0.770** | -0.012 | 1.711** |
| (-0.449) | (-0.722) | (1.546) | (0.036) | (-1.889) | (2.276) | (-0.093) | (2.304) | |
| GDP per capita | 0.527*** | 0.813*** | 1.137*** | 1.066*** | 1.125** | 0.362 | 0.927*** | 2.779*** |
| (2.806) | (5.268) | (5.359) | (5.573) | (2.118) | (0.824) | (5.376) | (3.245) | |
| Gini coefficient | 0.043** | 0.046*** | 0.048** | 0.028 | 0.034 | 0.003 | 0.037* | -0.233 |
| (2.480) | (2.698) | (2.323) | (1.356) | (0.746) | (0.120) | (1.880) | (-1.475) | |
| international visitors | -0.020 | 0.118 | 0.119 | 0.094 | 0.753** | 0.019 | 0.207 | -0.892 |
| (-0.194) | (1.072) | (0.880) | (0.744) | (2.466) | (0.082) | (1.539) | (-1.134) | |
| international trade | -0.100* | -0.126 | -0.169 | -0.155 | 0.096 | -0.099 | -0.155 | -0.194 |
| (-1.808) | (-1.482) | (-1.577) | (-1.652) | (0.843) | (-0.755) | (-1.549) | (-1.013) | |
| health expenditure | 0.147*** | 0.173*** | 0.173*** | 0.206*** | 0.069 | 0.042 | 0.226*** | -0.284 |
| (2.847) | (3.395) | (3.597) | (4.328) | (0.450) | (0.438) | (4.113) | (-1.486) | |
| hospital beds | -0.401** | -0.555** | -0.734*** | -0.639** | -1.442*** | -0.423 | -0.667*** | -3.818*** |
| (-2.608) | (-2.584) | (-2.708) | (-2.466) | (-3.684) | (-1.304) | (-2.880) | (-3.685) | |
| SARS outbreak | 0.471* | 0.213 | -0.159 | 0.313 | 0.178 | 1.098** | 0.130 | -0.071 |
| (1.943) | (0.695) | (-0.415) | (0.840) | (0.508) | (2.339) | (0.361) | (-0.044) | |
| government expenditure | -0.007 | 0.004 | -0.009 | -0.014 | -0.003 | 0.045 | -0.007 | 0.019 |
| (-0.315) | (0.172) | (-0.326) | (-0.523) | (-0.067) | (0.938) | (-0.281) | (0.139) | |
| government effectiveness | -0.324 | -0.800*** | -1.200*** | -1.237*** | -0.716 | -0.308 | -1.141*** | -3.348*** |
| (-1.266) | (-3.238) | (-3.757) | (-4.142) | (-0.904) | (-0.689) | (-3.938) | (-3.681) | |
| rest of world infections | 0.084 | 0.190 | 0.137 | 1.155*** | 0.853*** | 0.112 | 0.407 | |
| (0.662) | (1.221) | (1.070) | (5.516) | (4.178) | (0.905) | (0.829) | ||
| daily test ratio | 0.016 | -0.004 | -0.007 | -0.008 | -0.055 | 0.030 | 0.006 | |
| (0.685) | (-0.171) | (-0.258) | (-0.304) | (-1.608) | (1.156) | (0.192) | ||
| rest of region infections | 0.322*** | |||||||
| (4.383) | ||||||||
| Number of observations | 24,241 | 24,241 | 20,947 | 20,986 | 9135 | 10,242 | 22,787 | 6,442 |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.729 | 0.681 | 0.635 | 0.669 | 0.720 | 0.706 | 0.653 | 0.642 |
Notes: 1. t-values are reported in parentheses. *, ** and *** indicate the significance at 10%, 5% and 1%. 2. Days stands for the number of days since first death. 3. Column (1) reports results adding continent dummies. 4. Column (2) reports results using rest of region infections to control for spillover effect. 5. Column (3) reports results excluding countris in Africa. 6. Column (4) reports results excluding countries in the Southern Hemisphere. 7. Column (5) reports results using subsample of OECD countries. 8. Column (6) reports results using subsample of European countries. 9. Column (7) reports results excluding countris with population less than 2 million. 10. Column (8) resports results using CFR as dependent variable and a subsample of 25 countries with the hightest test ratios.