Table A.5.

Risk and protective factors for deaths: robustness checks 4.

Dependent variable	log of deaths per million population
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
sample	Mobility	Debt	Industrial	Mob+Ind+Debt	Regime	GHS
Days	0.037***	0.028***	0.028***	0.040***	0.028***	0.028***
	(7.388)	(5.235)	(6.254)	(6.424)	(6.403)	(6.600)
Days2	-0.000***	-0.000***	-0.000***	-0.000***	-0.000***	-0.000***
	(-6.490)	(-5.202)	(-5.634)	(-6.357)	(-5.766)	(-5.958)
total population	0.114	0.232*	0.169	0.182	0.153	0.010
	(0.930)	(1.716)	(1.563)	(1.278)	(1.334)	(0.077)
population 65+	-0.027	0.017	-0.039	-0.006	-0.042	-0.021
	(-0.693)	(0.471)	(-1.039)	(-0.146)	(-0.868)	(-0.586)
population density	0.118	0.257***	0.144	0.110	0.216**	0.213**
	(1.341)	(2.641)	(1.459)	(1.171)	(2.137)	(2.242)
temperature	-0.070***	-0.075***	-0.074***	-0.077***	-0.078***	-0.080***
	(-4.677)	(-4.771)	(-4.575)	(-4.320)	(-5.330)	(-5.136)
rainfall	0.127	0.204	-0.040	0.256**	-0.037	-0.010
	(1.076)	(1.373)	(-0.320)	(2.045)	(-0.315)	(-0.090)
GDP per capita	0.816***	1.126***	1.064***	0.984***	0.927***	0.902***
	(5.058)	(5.400)	(6.811)	(4.841)	(5.879)	(5.519)
Gini coefficient	0.019	0.047**	0.031*	0.021	0.035*	0.045***
	(0.966)	(2.412)	(1.706)	(1.169)	(1.859)	(2.638)
international visitors	0.164	0.111	0.142	0.127	0.216	0.116
	(1.282)	(0.813)	(1.205)	(1.051)	(1.633)	(0.888)
international trade	-0.007	-0.212**	-0.218***	-0.046	-0.143	-0.140
	(-0.073)	(-2.224)	(-2.658)	(-0.446)	(-1.607)	(-1.553)
health expenditure	0.188***	0.231***	0.224***	0.166***	0.197***	0.188***
	(3.384)	(4.837)	(4.700)	(2.941)	(4.270)	(3.590)
hospital beds	-0.514**	-0.678**	-0.493**	-0.572**	-0.520**	-0.562**
	(-2.206)	(-2.306)	(-2.156)	(-2.040)	(-1.994)	(-2.326)
SARS outbreak	-0.060	-0.014	0.306	-0.011	0.164	-0.052
	(-0.185)	(-0.041)	(0.905)	(-0.038)	(0.452)	(-0.157)
government expenditure	0.030	0.030	0.005	0.045*	0.005	-0.006
	(1.331)	(1.049)	(0.219)	(1.849)	(0.205)	(-0.289)
government effectiveness	-1.047***	-1.419***	-1.191***	-1.250***	-1.248***	-1.343***
	(-4.098)	(-4.676)	(-4.657)	(-4.695)	(-4.462)	(-4.411)
rest of world infections	0.150	0.154	0.100	0.206	0.107	0.109
	(1.275)	(1.053)	(0.796)	(1.524)	(0.873)	(0.896)
daily test ratio	-0.001	0.005	0.011	-0.022	0.012	0.002
	(-0.033)	(0.195)	(0.435)	(-1.017)	(0.449)	(0.069)
retail and recreation	-0.023***			-0.020***
	(-4.085)			(-4.363)
grocery and pharmacy	0.011***			0.012***
	(2.721)			(3.286)
transit stations	0.004**			0.003*
	(2.199)			(1.827)
workplaces	-0.007			-0.008
	(-0.969)			(-1.058)
parks	-0.004			-0.001
	(-0.784)			(-0.163)
residential	0.005			0.021
	(0.233)			(1.137)
debt ratio		-0.005		-0.006
		(-1.253)		(-1.650)
industrial			-0.025*	-0.015
			(-1.686)	(-1.107)
political regimes					0.279
					(1.412)
GHS						0.034**
						(1.995)
Number of observations	21,051	20,409	23,480	17,889	24,241	24,241
Adjusted R2	0.703	0.654	0.671	0.722	0.653	0.659

Notes: 1. t-values are reported in parentheses. The stars *, ** and *** indicate the significance at 10%, 5% and 1%. 2. Column (1) reports results including six google mobility indices as additional explanatory variables. 3. Column (2) reports results including debt ratio as an additional explanatory variable. 4. Column (3) reports results including industrial ratio as an additional explanatory variable. 5. Column (4) reports results for subsamples including political regime as an additional explanatory variable. 6. Column (5) reports results including Global Health Security as an additional explanatory variable. 7. Column (6) reports results including six google mobility indices, debt ratio, and industrial ratio as additional explanatory variables. 8. Column (7) reports results including economic stimulus spending and international support as additional explanatory variables. 9. Column (8) reports results including seven containment policy indices as additional explanatory variables.