Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| ID | Age [years], sex | Clinical information | Lesion type (based on MR imaging) | Location | True positives: number; volume/ml | False positives: number; volume/ml | Presurgical work-up, treatment, histopathology, outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 33, f | Suspected focal epilepsy | SBH | Bilateral parieto-occipital lobes | 3; 43.43, 43.02, 0.1 | 0 |
Video EEG: left parieto-occipital epileptic discharges Drug therapy |
| 2 | 33, m | Seizures with oral automatisms and aphasia | Polymicrogyria | R parietal lobe | 0 | 0 | Drug therapy |
| 3 | 14, m | Seizures with auditive auras and manual automatisms | FCD | R inferior frontal gyrus | 1; 0.13 | 3; 0.02, 0.01, 0.01 | Video EEG: right fronto-temporal seizure origin, awaits further work-up (neuropsychology, FDG-PET) |
| 4 | 30, m | Somatosensory and tonic-myoclonic seizures right face, grimassing, choking | FCD | L inferior frontal gyrus | 1; 0.29 | 6; 0.33, 0.06, 0.02, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01 | Language fMRI: left-sided lateralization. Subdural grid covering the inferior left frontal gyrus scheduled |
| 5 | 36, m | Tonic to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures | FCD | R middle frontal gyrus | 4; 13.12, 1.1, 0.12, 0.04 | 6; 0.25, 0.18, 0.04, 0.02, 0.02, 0.01 | SEEG recommended after proving drug resistance |
| 6 | 36, f | R-sided TLE of unclear origin with gustatory auras, vegetative and impaired awareness seizures | None | n.a | 0 | 1; 0.08 | Further drug resistance testing |
| 7 | 16, f | Nocturnal hyperkinetic seizures | FCD | R superior frontal gyrus | 1; 0.24 | 5; 0.32, 0.12, 0.03, 0.01, 0.01 | Seizure free with drug therapy |
| 8 | 24, m | focal impaired awareness to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures | FCD | L cingulate gyrus + middle frontal gyrus | 7; 7.33, 1.73, 0.53, 0.1, 0.08, 0.07, 0.05 | 2; 0.63, 0.04 | Vagus nerve stimulation |
| 9 | 15, f | Dyscognitive and bilateral tonic–clonic seizures | None | n.a | 0 | 7; 0.18, 0.04, 0.05, 0.2, 0.01, 0.06, 0.02 | Seizure free with drug therapy |
| 10 | 30, m | Focal impaired awareness to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures | None | n.a | 0 | 0 | Drug therapy |
| 11 | 51, m | No epilepsy, PNES | None | n.a | 0 | 0 | No epilepsy therapy |
| 12 | 37, m | Tonic and bilateral tonic–clonic seizures with accentuation on the left side | FCD | R superior frontal gyrus right | 1; 0.52 | 0 |
Surgery performed HP: FCD IIB Postsurgical outcome (3 months) pending |
| 13 | 18, m | R parietal lobe epilepsy | None | n.a | 0 | 0 | Drug therapy |
| 14 | 59, m | PNES | None | n.a | 0 | 0 | Predisposition to generalized epilepsy with generalized epileptic discharges |
| 15 | 33, f | Focal seizures right arm and bilateral tonic–clonic seizures | FCD | L inferior frontal gyrus | 0 | 1, 0.08 | Awaits further presurgical work-up |
| 16 | 20, f | TLE with Déjà-vu auras and bilateral tonic–clonic seizures | None | n.a | 0 | 0 | Seizure free with drug therapy |
| 17 | 31, f | TLE with focal seizures | None | n.a | 0 | 1; 0.07 | Seizure free with drug therapy |
| 18 | 25, f | Sensory seizures with automatisms and receptive aphasia | None | n.a | 0 | 1; 0.04 | Drug therapy |
| 19 | 21, m | Clonic seizures right hand | None | n.a | 0 | 2; 0.29, 0.02 | Subdural EEG with likely focus within the primary hand region |
| 20 | 38, m | Single bilateral tonic–clonic seizure, PNES | None | n.a | 0 | 2; 0.08, 0.03 | Seizure free with drug therapy |
| 21 | 31, f | Focal impaired awareness seizures with oral automatisms | SBH | Bilateral parieto-occipital lobes | 5; 30.47, 25.15, 0.22, 0.16, 0.04 | 0 | Drug therapy |
| 22 | 22, f | Auditory, sensory (left arm) and visual (upper left quadrant) auras with bilateral tonic–clonic seizures | FCD | R parahippocampal gyrus | 2; 1.5, 0.1 | 7; 0.26, 0.11, 0.03, 0.02, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01 |
SEEG and surgery performed HP: mild malformation type II Seizure free after 3 months |
| 23 | 17, m | Apractic seizures and motor seizures involving the right arm and bilateral tonic–clonic seizures | None | n.a | 0 | 2; 0.22, 0.2 | SEEG performed: extended R-temporo-parieto-occipital epileptogenic area |
| 24 | 40, f | Bilateral tonic to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures | None | n.a | 0 | 2; 0.12, 0.01 | No circumscribed hypothesis for seizure origin |
| 25 | 11, m | Tonic seizures left arm with loss of tone in the trunc | FCD | R cingulate gyrus | 1.11 | 19 (total volume 3.13) |
Surgery performed HP: FCD IIB Seizure free 12-month post-surgery |
| 26 | 13, f | Epigastric auras to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures | SBH | Bilateral parieto-occipital lobes | 7; 4.32, 0.11, 2.79, 0.02, 0.58, 0.5, 1.39 | 2; 0.05, 0.03 | Drug therapy |
| 27 | 49, f | TLE left with acoustic auras and focal impaired awareness to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures, PNES | None | n.a | 0 | 23 (total volume 3.11) | Seizure free with drug therapy, PNES persistent |
| 28 | 27, m | TLE left with epigastric and gustatory auras and focal impaired awareness to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures | None | n.a | 0 | 0 | Drug therapy |
| 29 | 18, f | Tonic seizures with versive head movement to right to bilateral tonic–clonic-seizures | FCD | L postcentral gyrus | 0.33 | 0 |
SEEG and surgery performed HP: FCD IIB |
| 30 | 7, m | No epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder | None | n.a | 0 | 11 (total volume 1.58) | None |
| 31 | 17, f | Focal epilepsy of unknown origin | None | n.a | 0 | 1; 0.01 | Drug therapy |
| 32 | 26, f | L-sided temporo-parieto-occipital epilepsy with unspecific auras, vegetative and aphasic seizures | FCD | L occipital and inferior parietal lobule | 2; 1.86, 0.29 | 1; 0.1 | Additional long-term video EEG |
| 33 | 15, m | Acoustic auras and hyperkinetic impaired awareness seizures | FCD | L superior temporal gyrus | 2; 1.3, 1.25 | 4; 0.06, 0.04, 0.01, 0.01 |
Surgery performed HP: FCD IIB Seizure free 6-month post-surgery |
| 34 | 21, m | TLE left with hyperkinetic impaired awareness and bilateral tonic–clonic seizures | Gray/white matter blurring | L temporal pole | 0.45 | 1; 0.05 | Seizure free with drug therapy |
| 35 | 42, f | Bilateral tonic–clonic seizures | None | n.a | 0 | 4; 0.09, 0.04, 0.01, 0.01 | Drug therapy |
| 36 | 12, f | R-sided TLE with hyperkinetic impaired awareness to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures | FCD | L superior temporal gyrus | 0.87 | 2; 0.03, 0.02 | Seizure free with drug therapy |
| 37 | 25, m | L-sided TLE with hyperkinetic and bilateral tonic–clonic seizures | FCD | R middle frontal gyrus | 0.86 | 4; 8.29, 1.78, 1.5, 0.02 | SEEG not possible because of ambulatory hyperkinetic seizures |
| 38 | 35, m | R-hemispheric focal seizures with presumed temporoposterior/occipital origin | None | n.a | 0 | 2; 0.17, 0.02 | Drug therapy |
| 39 | 16, m | R-sided TLE | Periventricular nodular heterotopia | R temporal horn | 0 | 4; 0.2, 0.1, 0.23, 0.03 | Drug therapy |
| 40 | 28, m | Hypomotor seizures and clonic seizures with versive head movement to left | FCD | R frontoorbital | 1.73 | 2; 0.01, 0.01 |
Confirmed with SEEG, surgery performed HP: mMCD |
f female, HP histopathology, L left, m male, n.a. not applicable, PNES psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, R right, SBH subcortical band heterotopia, SEEG stereo electroencephalography, TLE temporal lobe epilepsy, mMCD mild malformation of cortical development