Table 1. Studies included in the analysis.

Country and sources	Study design	Population enrolled	Period of enrollment and follow up or observation	Definition of retention in care	Costs included	Costs excluded	Patient costs captured?
Lesotho 6, 11	Prospective cluster randomized trial at 30 healthcare facilities	Adults on first line ART ≥6 months with suppressed viral load	Aug 2017- July 2019; first 12 months of model participation for each patient	Not having missed a scheduled clinic visit or DSD interaction for >90 consecutive days	ARVs, viral load tests, clinic visits and off-site DSD model interactions, infrastructure, equipment, transport	Non-ARV medications, other laboratory tests, above-site costs	Yes
Malawi (INTERVAL) 5	Prospective cluster randomized trial at 15 healthcare facilities	Adults on first line ART ≥ 6 months with suppressed viral load	May 15, 2017-April 30, 2018; first 12 months of model participation for each patient	No period of >60 days without possession of ARVs, based on dates and quantities dispensed	ARVs, outpatient clinic visits that included ARV refills, and infrastructure	Laboratory tests, clinic visits that did not include an ARV refill, above-site costs	Yes
Uganda 8	Observational cohort using retrospective, routinely collected medical record data from 20 healthcare facilities, many of which offered multiple models of care	Adults on first or second line ART; included new, non- suppressed, and advanced disease patients in some models	Jan 1, 2017-Dec 31, 2018; 24 months follow up for all patients (outcomes for months 13-24 reported here)	Not having missed a scheduled clinic visit or DSD interaction for >90 consecutive days; this study also reported viral suppression at 12 months	ARVs and other medications (with supply chain costs), laboratory tests, clinic visits and off-site DSD model interactions, infrastructure, equipment, transport, training, administration, above- site costs		No
Zambia1 7	Observational cohort using retrospective, routinely collected medical record data from 20 healthcare facilities	Adults on first line ART ≥6 months with suppressed viral load (excluding mobile ART model); many model enrollees did not have a record of a suppressed viral load	Jan 1, 2015-Dec 31, 2017; first 12 months of model participation for each patient	Having a recorded clinic visit between 9 and 15 months after enrollment in the DSD model (all models required a minimum of one visit every 12 months)	ARVs and other medications, laboratory tests (except for mobile model), clinic visits and off-site DSD model interactions, infrastructure, equipment, transport	Above-site costs; lab costs excluded for mobile ART model	No
Zambia2 (INTERVAL) 5	Prospective cluster randomized trial at 15 healthcare facilities	Adults on first line ART ≥ 6 months with suppressed viral load	May 15, 2017-April 30, 2018; first 12 months of model participation for each patient	No period of >60 days without possession of ARVs, based on dates and quantities dispensed	ARVs, outpatient clinic visits that included ARV refills, and infrastructure	Laboratory tests, clinic visits that did not include an ARV refill, above-site costs	Yes
Zimbabwe 9, 10	Prospective cluster randomized trial at 30 healthcare facilities	Adults on first line ART ≥6 months with suppressed viral load	Aug 2017-Feb 2018; first 12 months of model participation for each patient	Not having missed a scheduled clinic visit or DSD interaction for >90 consecutive days	ARVs, clinic visits and off-site DSD model interactions, viral load tests	Other laboratory tests, above-site costs	Yes