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. 2022 Mar 9;12:4143. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07904-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Levels of organic acids and 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD) produced after 10 h of growth of the bifidobacterial strains as mono-cultures and as a four strain co-culture. The following HMO were used as the sole carbon source: 2′-FL [1.2 g/L], model of NS-HMO [3.8 g/L] and a model of S-HMO [5 g/L]. Levels of acetic acid, formic acid, and lactic acid were quantified using HPLC coupled with an RI detector. Levels of 1,2-PD were quantified using GC–MS. R0071 = Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071, R0033 = Bifidobacterium infantis R0033, M-16V = Bifidobacterium breve M-16V, M-63 = Bifidobacterium infantis M-63. Analysis was calculated using technical duplicate data from biological triplicate experiments and data are means + /− SD. Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey tests were performed to determine the significant differences between the groups (# = p < 0.05, ## = p < 0.001 vs. co-culture) (* = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001, **** = p < 0.0001 between other strain combinations).