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. 2022 Mar 9;12:3831. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07510-y

Table 1.

Ocular and Systemic Characteristics of Participants.

Overall SFCT Quintile Ranks P*
(n = 50 eyes) First (n = 10 eyes) Second (n = 10 eyes) Third (n = 10 eyes) Fourth (n = 10 eyes) Fifth (n = 10 eyes)
Ocular
SFCT, µm Mean (SD) 288.3 (85.6) 174.8 (36.7) 239.5 (14.2) 284.8 (15.3) 331.3 (19.3) 411.2 (44.1)  < 0.001
3D CVI (Whole Macula), % Mean (SD) 62.92 (1.57) 63.41 (1.74) 62.62 (1.54) 62.30 (1.64) 63.50 (1.65) 62.78 (1.20) 0.372
3D CVI (Superior), % Mean (SD) 62.75 (1.93) 62.76 (2.26) 62.41 (1.43) 62.02 (2.20) 63.78 (1.93) 62.80 (1.66) 0.343
3D CVI (Central), % Mean (SD) 63.35 (1.72) 64.43 (1.76) 63.02 (1.88) 62.90 (1.66) 63.63 (1.46) 62.75 (1.55) 0.166
3D CVI (Inferior), % Mean (SD) 62.66 (1.70) 62.92 (2.11) 62.45 (1.78) 61.93 (1.58) 63.16 (1.91) 62.82 (0.96) 0.542
2D CVI (Subfoveal), % Mean (SD) 63.53 (2.09) 64.30 (2.01) 63.83 (2.35) 63.45 (2.13) 63.19 (1.61) 62.88 (2.37) 0.607
SE, D Mean (SD) −0.7 (2.3) −2.2 (3.3) −0.3 (1.9) −0.7 (2.4) −0.8 (1.9) 0.5 (0.9) 0.119
AL, mm Mean (SD) 23.9 (1.1) 24.6 (1.5) 23.7 (1.1) 23.8 (0.8) 23.9 (1.3) 23.5 (0.4) 0.191
IOP, mmHg Mean (SD) 15.1 (3.4) 15.2 (1.7) 14.5 (3.8) 16.2 (4.8) 14.9 (3.7) 14.8 (3.0) 0.848
MOPP, mmHg Mean (SD) 52.3 (8.0) 54.5 (5.6) 54.8 (10.9) 50.9 (8.4) 49.3 (7.3) 51.8 (7.0) 0.493
Systemic
Age, years Mean (SD) 53.8 (7.5) 58.7 (9.6) 55.7 (7.1) 51.4 (7.6) 51.7 (5.2) 51.3 (5.1) 0.083
Gender Male 25 (50.0) 7 (70.0) 4 (40.0) 3 (30.0) 5 (50.0) 6 (60.0) 0.406
Female 25 (50.0) 3 (30.0) 6 (60.0) 7 (70.0) 5 (50.0) 4 (40.0)
Ethnicity Chinese 32 (64.0) 9 (90.0) 7 (70.0) 3 (30.0) 7 (70.0) 6 (60.0) 0.190
Indian 15 (30.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (30.0) 7 (70.0) 1 (10.0) 4 (40.0)
Malay 3 (6.0) 1 (10.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (20.0) 0 (0.0)
Hypertension No 33 (66.0) 4 (40.0) 6 (60.0) 7 (70.0) 9 (90.0) 7 (70.0) 0.208
Yes 17 (34.0) 6 (60.0) 4 (40.0) 3 (30.0) 1 (10.0) 3 (30.0)
Systolic BP, mmHg Mean (SD) 128.5 (19.2) 132.3 (14.4) 130.8 (22.0) 131.6 (26.1) 121.2 (17.0) 126.5 (15.7) 0.691
Diastolic BP, mmHg Mean (SD) 76.0 (10.8) 79.3 (8.8) 79.6 (15.4) 73.1 (9.8) 72.6 (9.9) 75.5 (8.6) 0.446
MAP, mmHg Mean (SD) 93.5 (12.6) 97.0 (9.0) 96.7 (16.9) 92.6 (13.8) 88.8 (11.8) 92.5 (10.5) 0.589
Anti-Hypertensive No 42 (84.0) 6 (60.0) 10 (100.0) 9 (90.0) 9 (90.0) 8 (80.0) 0.144
Yes 8 (16.0) 4 (40.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (10.0) 1 (10.0) 2 (20.0)
Diabetes Mellitus No 46 (92.0) 9 (90.0) 10 (100.0) 8 (80.0) 9 (90.0) 10 (100.0) 0.433
Yes 4 (8.0) 1 (10.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (20.0) 1 (10.0) 0 (0.0)
HbA1c, % Mean (SD) 5.9 (1.0) 6.2 (1.2) 5.7 (0.3) 5.8 (0.7) 6.1 (1.6) 5.7 (0.3) 0.636
Blood Glucose, mmol/L Mean (SD) 6.1 (2.6) 6.9 (4.6) 5.2 (0.9) 6.0 (1.4) 6.4 (2.8) 6.1 (2.0) 0.705
Hyperlipidaemia No 35 (70.0) 7 (70.0) 8 (80.0) 8 (80.0) 6 (60.0) 6 (60.0) 0.753
Yes 15 (30.0) 3 (30.0) 2 (20.0) 2 (20.0) 4 (40.0) 4 (40.0)
Total Cholesterol, mmol/L Mean (SD) 5.4 (0.8) 5.1 (0.7) 5.3 (0.4) 5.5 (0.6) 5.8 (0.9) 5.6 (1.1) 0.350
HDL, mmol/L Mean (SD) 1.2 (0.3) 1.1 (0.3) 1.3 (0.3) 1.1 (0.3) 1.3 (0.4) 1.2 (0.3) 0.620
LDL, mmol/L Mean (SD) 3.5 (0.8) 3.1 (0.5) 3.4 (0.5) 3.7 (0.7) 3.7 (0.9) 3.5 (1.1) 0.369
BMI, kg/m2 Mean (SD) 24.0 (3.6) 25.3 (2.9) 23.3 (3.7) 24.6 (4.0) 22.7 (4.1) 24.1 (3.2) 0.520
Cardiovascular Disease No 48 (96.0) 9 (90.0) 10 (100.0) 9 (90.0) 10 (100.0) 10 (100.0) 0.537
Yes 2 (4.0) 1 (10.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (10.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Chronic Kidney Disease No 49 (98.0) 9 (90.0) 10 (100.0) 10 (100.0) 10 (100.0) 10 (100.0) 0.395
Yes 1 (2.0) 1 (10.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Smoker Never/Past 44 (88.0) 9 (90.0) 10 (100.0) 10 (100.0) 9 (90.0) 6 (60.0) 0.037
Current 6 (12.0) 1 (10.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (10.0) 4 (40.0)

SFCT: subfoveal choroid thickness; SD: standard deviation; 3D: three-dimensional; CVI: choroidal vascularity index; 2D: two-dimensional; SE: spherical equivalent: D: diopter; AL: axial length; IOP: intraocular pressure; MOPP: mean ocular perfusion pressure; BP: blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; BMI: body mass index.

* Statistically significant associations (P < 0.05) are highlighted in bold.