Table 2.
Association of Ocular and Systemic Factors with 3D CVI (Whole Macula).
| Univariate | Multivariable† | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | Std. Error | P* | Estimate | Std. Error | P* | |
| Ocular | ||||||
| 2D CVI (Subfoveal), % | 0.48 | 0.08 | < 0.001 | 0.41 | 0.09 | < 0.001 |
| SFCT, µm | −2.19 × 10–5 | 2.65 × 10–3 | 0.993 | – | – | – |
| SE, D | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.890 | – | – | – |
| AL, mm | −0.23 | 0.20 | 0.253 | – | – | – |
| IOP, mmHg | −0.03 | 0.07 | 0.619 | – | – | – |
| MOPP, mmHG | −2.88 × 10–3 | 0.03 | 0.919 | – | – | – |
| Systemic | ||||||
| Age, years | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.207 | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.081 |
| Gender, Female | −0.28 | 0.45 | 0.529 | – | – | – |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Chinese | Reference | |||||
| Indian | 0.44 | 0.49 | 0.375 | – | – | – |
| Malay | 1.47 | 0.99 | 0.145 | – | – | – |
| Hypertension | −0.04 | 0.47 | 0.941 | – | – | – |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | −3.51 × 10–3 | 0.01 | 0.767 | – | – | – |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | −3.02 × 10–3 | 0.02 | 0.866 | – | – | – |
| MAP, mmHg | −4.21 × 10–3 | 0.02 | 0.816 | – | – | – |
| Anti-Hypertensive | 0.54 | 0.61 | 0.382 | – | – | – |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 0.05 | 0.83 | 0.955 | – | – | – |
| HbA1c, % | 0.07 | 0.24 | 0.782 | – | – | – |
| Blood Glucose, mmol/L | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.854 | – | – | – |
| Hyperlipidaemia | −0.06 | 0.49 | 0.900 | – | – | – |
| Total Cholesterol, mmol/L | −0.56 | 0.27 | 0.045 | −0.08 | 0.23 | 0.715 |
| HDL, mmol/L | −0.66 | 0.69 | 0.343 | – | – | – |
| LDL, mmol/L | −0.40 | 0.28 | 0.160 | – | – | – |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.200 | – | – | – |
| Cardiovascular Disease | 3.11 | 1.05 | 0.005 | 1.84 | 0.96 | 0.062 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | −0.92 | 1.60 | 0.566 | – | – | – |
| Current Smoker | −0.33 | 0.69 | 0.634 | – | – | – |
SFCT: subfoveal choroid thickness; Std. Error: standard error; 3D: three-dimensional; CVI: choroidal vascularity index; 2D: two-dimensional; SE: spherical equivalent: D: diopter; AL: axial length; IOP: intraocular pressure; MOPP: mean ocular perfusion pressure; BP: blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; BMI: body mass index.
* Statistically significant associations (P < 0.05) are highlighted in bold.
† Model adjusted R-squared: 0.441; P < 0.001.