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. 2022 Mar 9;13(3):220. doi: 10.1038/s41419-022-04605-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Cross-sections of murine aortae were immunostained for the marker of mature macrophages F4/80. In FIA, hardly any F4/80⁺ macrophage could be found. After ARA a few F4/80⁺ macrophages appeared within the intima. However, within the adventitia, the number of F4/80⁺ macrophages increased substantially. Compared to control, cultured aortic rings treated with clodronate-containing liposomes displayed almost no F4/80 immunostaining due to efficient depletion of F4/80⁺ macrophages within the adventitia. b Statistical analysis of the number of adventitial F4/80⁺ macrophages with and without liposome treatment. Application of PBS-containing liposomes had a less pronounced effect compared to clodronate-containing liposomes. Cell counts were normalized to total media area (n = 7–10). c Phase-contrast images and quantification of sprouting area of cultured aortic rings with or without clodronate treatment. Depletion of macrophages by clodronate-containing liposomes reduced total cellular sprouting as well as capillary-like tube formation (n = 23–31). *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001. Scale bars: in a 100 µm, in c 500 µm. ARA aortic ring assay, ARA + CL ARA with clodronate-containing liposomes, ARA + PBS ARA with PBS-containing liposomes.