Table 2.
Effect of training on pain and forward head posture.
| Within-group | Between-groups | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | Groups | Baseline Mean ± SD | 8-weeks Mean ± SD | Change relative to baselinec (%) | D† and 95% CI (Lower limit -Upper limit) | P | Interaction effects | P | |
| Pain, VAS | Combined respiratory-therapeutic exercise | 5.1 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 0.6d | 62.4% ↓ | 0.85 (0.41 to 1.33) | 0.01 | F = 3.22 P = 0.04e | 0.01a 0.01b | |
| Therapeutic exercise alone | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 0.8d | 57.5% ↓ | 0.75 (0.23 to 1.14) | 0.02 | ||||
| Control | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 6.2% ↓ | 0.21 (− 1.2 to 0.03) | 0.38 | ||||
| FHP, Degree | Combined respiratory-therapeutic exercise | 46.5 ± 2.3 | 52.8 ± 3.9d | 13.5% ↑ | − 0.70 (− 2.5 to − 0.38) | 0.01 | F = 5.32 P = 0.03e | 0.01a 0.02b | |
| Therapeutic exercise alone | 47.5 ± 4.1 | 52.3 ± 2.5d | 10.1% ↑ | − 0.55 (− 1.92 to − 0.13) | 0.03 | ||||
| Control | 45.3 ± 3.7 | 46.9 ± 4.8 | 3.5% ↑ | − 0.12 (− 0.08 to 1.08) | 0.43 | ||||
VAS visual analogue scale, FHP forward head posture.
aSignificant between combined respiratory-therapeutic exercise and control groups.
bSignificant between therapeutic exercise alone and control groups.
cPercent change (↓decrease, ↑increase).
dDenotes significant within group improvement between the baseline and 8-weeks treatment period.
eSignificant group × time interaction.