Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
| Characteristic | Overall (n = 421) | Non-MCI (n = 176) MoCA-J ≥ 26 | MCI (n = 245) MoCA-J < 26 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, [years] | 69.8 ± 11.2 | 64.6 ± 10.4 | 73.6 ± 10.2 | < 0.01 |
| Male sex | 273 (64.8) | 106 (60.2) | 167 (68.2) | 0.1 |
| BMI, [kg/m2] | 21.0 [19.0–23.9] | 21.5 [19.2–24.9] | 20.6 [18.8–23.2] | 0.02 |
| Duration HD, [months] | 74.5 [30–150] | 82.5 [37–167] | 70.5 [26–136] | 0.03 |
| Primary kidney disease | 0.43 | |||
| Diabetic nephropathy | 141 (33.5) | 55 (31.3) | 84 (34.3) | |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis | 128 (30.4) | 57 (32.4) | 73 (30.0) | |
| Nephrosclerosis | 59 (14.0) | 22 (12.5) | 37 (15.1) | |
| Others or unknown | 93 (22.1) | 42 (23.9) | 51 (20.8) | |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension | 269 (63.9) | 111 (63.1) | 158 (64.5) | 0.36 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 195 (46.3) | 79 (44.8) | 116 (47.3) | 0.31 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 71(16.9) | 21 (11.9) | 50 (20.4) | 0.01 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 43 (10.2) | 13 (7.4) | 30 (12.2) | 0.08 |
| Current smoker | 55 (13.1) | 30 (17.0) | 25 (10.2) | 0.17 |
| Ultrafiltration volume [% BW] | 4.34 ± 1.44 | 4.45 ± 1.33 | 4.27 ± 1.52 | 0.33 |
| Systolic BP, [mmHg] | 147 ± 23 | 148 ± 24 | 146 ± 23 | 0.44 |
| Diastolic BP, [mmHg] | 77 ± 13 | 80 ± 14 | 75 ± 13 | < 0.01 |
| Heart rate, [beat per minute] | 76 ± 12 | 77 ± 12 | 75 ± 13 | 0.3 |
| Hemoglobin, [g/dl] | 10.6 ± 1.29 | 10.7 ± 1.10 | 10.6 ± 1.40 | 0.13 |
| Albumin, [g/dl] | 3.60 ± 0.34 | 3.68 ± 0.31 | 3.55 ± 0.35 | < 0.01 |
| CRP, [mg/dl] | 0.14 [0.06–0.43] | 0.11 [0.04–0.34] | 0.16 [0.07–0.49] | 0.01 |
| Corrected calcium, [mg/dl] | 8.85 ± 0.69 | 8.84 ± 0.74 | 8.86 ± 0.67 | 0.68 |
| Phosphate, [mg/dl] | 5.50 ± 1.42 | 5.54 ± 1.40 | 5.47 ± 1.43 | 0.69 |
| Parathyroid hormone, [pg/ml] | 187 [105–270] | 164 [54–277] | 198 [113–263] | 0.15 |
| β2-microglobulin, [mg/l] | 26.9 ± 6.2 | 26.8 ± 6.1 | 27.0 ± 6.3 | 0.92 |
| Educational level | 0.55 | |||
| < 12 years, n (%) | 223 (53) | 86 (49) | 137 (56) | |
| > 12 years, n (%) | 198 (47) | 90 (51) | 108 (44) | |
| MoCA-J, [points] | 25 [21–27] | 27 [26–29] | 22 [20–24] | < 0.01 |
| Handgrip strength, [kgf] | 22.2 ± 8.4 | 24.5 ± 8.4 | 20.5 ± 8.1 | < 0.01 |
| Handgrip strength, [%] | 90.1 ± 28.1 | 101.7 ± 25.9 | 81.7 ± 26.8 | < 0.01 |
Values for categorical variables are presented as count (percentage); values for continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). The non-MCI group included 176 patients with normal cognitive function, defined as a MoCA-J score ≥ 26. The MCI group included 245 patients with mild cognitive impairment, defined as a MoCA-J score < 26.
Percent handgrip strength was calculated as follows: [males] handgrip strength [kg] × 100/28; [females] handgrip strength [kg] × 100/18.
Unpaired t-tests, Mann–Whitney U-tests, and c2 tests were used to evaluate differences.
MCI mild cognitive impairment, MoCA-J Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, BMI body mass index, HD hemodialysis, BW body weight, BP blood pressure, CRP C-reactive protein.