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. 2022 Mar 9;12:3849. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07826-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Graphs based on fertility data analysed for a long-term randomised controlled trial which evaluate the impact of living space on housed dairy cows. (a) Results of time to conception analysis for matched cows that entered the trial non-pregnant (n = 48 pairs). Top: Kaplan–Meier plot of survival to conception for the high space (blue) and control space (yellow) trial groups. Respective colour shading represents the 95% confidence interval. Bottom: Risk table showing the associated number of cows non-pregnant at 0-, 100-, 200- and 300-days in milk (DIM) for each trial group. (b) Results of time to commencement of luteal activity (CLA) analysis (n = 40 pairs); colour shading represents 95% confidence interval as for (a). (c) Bar charts of inter-service intervals (ISI) by trial group (Top: control space; Bottom: high space). A higher percentage in the 18–26 day period (yellow bars) indicates normal cow cyclicity and provides a measure of the sensitivity of oestrous detection.