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. 2022 Mar 9;12:2803. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06579-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Characterisation of CHDG treated filters by ToF SIMS. (a) ToF SIMS of an untreated MK3 filter. Image is representative of all images, scale bar 1000 μm. (b) ToF SIMS of a treated MK3 filter. Image is representative of all images. (c) Graph shows the average ion intensity for control and treated filters, n = 4, error bars show standard error of the mean, ** denote statistical significance p < 0.01.