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. 2022 Mar 9;13:1228. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28860-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a The polarization P-electric field E_a characteristics of an antiferroelectric material. The segment BAB’ corresponds to the non-polar, antiferroelectric ground state, and segments CD and C’D’ correspond to the polar phase. Segments BC and B’C’ represent the unstable negative capacitance (C < 0) regions. At Ea = E₁, the antiferroelectric has two stable states: M and N. b–d The antiferroelectric free energy landscape at E_a = 0 (b), E₁ (c) and −E₁ (d). d²G/dP² < 0 in the P-range corresponding to BC and B’C ‘forbidden’ regions.