Table VII.

Mapping potential determinants of women’s reproductive span.

Concept	Determinant	Association	References
Biological	Genetic:
	Genes and SNPs	Inconsistent	Hefler et al. (2002), Riener et al. (2004), Worda et al. (2004), Long et al. (2006), He et al. (2007, 2009b), Kevenaar et al. (2007), Mitchell et al. (2008), Zerbetto et al. (2008), Hartge (2009), He et al. (2010), Liu et al. (2010), Lu et al. (2010), Cerne et al. (2011), Chen et al. (2012), Carty et al. (2013), Tea et al. (2013), Pyun et al. (2014), Duan et al. (2015), Ruth et al. (2016), Shi et al. (2016) and Fernández-Rhodes et al. (2018)
	Telomere length	Increase	Aydos et al. (2005)
	Zygosity	Inconclusive	Snieder et al. (1998)
	Mothers of Down’s syndrome	No association	Bartmann et al. (2005)
	Handedness	No association	Pavia et al. (1994)
	Race and ethnicity	Inconsistent	Goodman et al. (1985), Wood et al. (1985), Menken (1987), Morabia and Costanza (1998) and InterLACE Study Team (2019)
	Non-genetic:
	Season of birth	Inconsistent	Duarte et al. (2017), Si et al. (2017) and InterLACE Study Team (2019)
	BMI	Inconsistent	Johnston (2001), Hefler et al. (2002), Riener et al. (2004), Worda et al. (2004), Nichols et al. (2006), He et al. (2007), Kalichman et al. (2007), Dorjgochoo et al. (2008), Cerne et al. (2011), Forman et al., (2013), Bjelland et al. (2018) and Sinha et al. (2021)
	Skin fold thickness	No association	Johnston (2001)
	Height	No association	Johnston (2001) and He et al. (2007)
	Health status	Inconclusive	Sinha et al. (2021)
	Psychosocial stress	May decrease AAM and ANM	Forman et al. (2013)
	Arsenic exposure	Decrease	Yunus et al. (2014)
	Maternal DDT exposure	Inconclusive	Forman et al. (2013)
	Higher polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons	May decrease	Huang et al. (2018)
	Age at menarche	Inconsistent	Snieder et al. (1998), He et al. (2007), Kalichman et al. (2007), Dorjgochoo et al. (2008), Chen et al. (2010), Liu et al. (2010), Mishra et al. (2017) and Sharma and Bansal (2018)
	Breastfeeding by subject	Inconsistent	Johnston, 2001; Long et al., 2006; Dorjgochoo et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2010; Cerne et al., 2011; Forman et al., 2013; Sinha et al., 2021
	Breastfed by own mother	May decrease	Johnston (2001)
	Parity	Inconsistent	Johnston (2001), Thomas et al. (2001), Long et al. (2006), Nichols et al. (2006), Kalichman et al. (2007), Dorjgochoo et al. (2008), Chen et al. (2010); Mishra et al. (2017) and Sinha et al. (2021)
Biological	Marital status	Inconsistent	Johnston (2001), Dorjgochoo et al. (2008) and Sinha et al. (2021)
	Early age at marriage	Associated	Sharma and Bansal (2018)
	Increase timing between AAM and first livebirth	Increase	Dorjgochoo et al. (2008)
	Menstrual irregularities	Decrease	Dorjgochoo et al. (2008)
	Average cycle length	No association	Johnston (2001)
	Age at first birth	Inconsistent	Johnston (2001), Thomas et al. (2001), Dorjgochoo et al. (2008) and Sharma and Bansal (2018)
	Age at last birth	Associated	Dorjgochoo et al. (2008) and Sharma and Bansal (2018)
	Age at first and last pregnancy	Associated	Sinha et al. (2021)
	Number of pregnancies	Inconsistent	Worda et al. (2004), Liu et al. (2010) and Cerne et al. (2011)
	Weight gain in pregnancy	Inconsistent	Forman et al. (2013)
	Birth weight	Inconsistent	Forman et al. (2013)
	Birth control	Inconsistent	Johnston (2001), Long et al. (2006), Dorjgochoo et al. (2008) and Liu et al. (2010)
	Abortions	No association	Long et al. (2006), Kalichman et al. (2007) and Dorjgochoo et al. (2008)
	Stillbirths	No association	Dorjgochoo et al. (2008)
	Active smoking	Decreases ANM	Johnston (2001), Hefler et al. (2002), Riener et al. (2004), Worda et al. (2004), Long et al. (2006), Nichols et al. (2006), Dorjgochoo et al. (2008), Liu et al. (2010), Cerne et al. (2011), Fukuda et al. (2011), Forman et al. (2013), Bjelland et al. (2018) and Sinha et al. (2021
	Paternal periconceptional smoking	May Decrease ANM	Fukuda et al. (2011)
	In utero smoking	May decrease AAM and ANM	Forman et al. (2013)
	DES exposure	May decrease AAM and ANM	Forman et al. (2013)
	Alcohol consumption	No association	Long et al. (2006), Dorjgochoo et al. (2008), Liu et al. (2010) and Cerne et al. (2011)
	Physical exercise	Inconsistent	Menken (1987), Long et al. (2006) and Dorjgochoo et al. (2008)
	Increased total intake of calories, fruits, protein and long-term tea consumption	Increase	Dorjgochoo et al. (2008)
	Increased intake of vegetables, soy, fiber, red meat, carbohydrates and fats	No association	Dorjgochoo et al. (2008)
	Malnutrition	No association	Menken (1987)
	Low SES	Inconsistent	Menken (1987) and Forman et al. (2013)
	Improved living conditions (increased vegetable intake, decreased illiteracy and decreased child labor)	May increase	Thomas et al. (2001)
	Higher family income	May Increase	Johnston (2001), Long et al. (2006), Dorjgochoo et al. (2008) and Sinha et al. (2021)
	Current employment	Increase	Johnston (2001)
Biological	Parenting	Inconsistent	Forman et al. (2013) and Demakakos et al. (2019)
	Higher education	May increase	Johnston (2001)  Long et al. (2006)  Nichols et al. (2006), Dorjgochoo et al. (2008), Lewington et al. (2014), InterLACE Study Team (2019) and Sinha et al. (2021)
	Language spoken	No association	Johnston (2001)
	Residence	Inconsistent	Lewington et al. (2014) and Duarte et al. (2017)
	High altitude	Inconsistent	Beall (1983), Kapoor and Kapoor (1986) and Shaw et al. (2018)
Effective	Higher educational level	Decrease	Horne (1989), Padmadas et al. (2004), Murthy (2012a,b) and Singh and Singh (2014)
	Increased AAM	Decrease	Wood et al. (1985) and Mulder (1989)
	Offspring sex composition	Decrease	Padmadas et al. (2004)
	Age cohorts	Inconsistent	Padmadas et al. (2004) and Murthy (2012a,b)
	Lack of interspousal communication about family planning	Decrease	Padmadas et al. (2004)
	Experiencing pre-marital Hardships	Decrease	Singh and Singh (2014)
	Sterilization	Decrease	Menken (1987)
	Marital dissolution without remarriage	Decrease	Horne (1989)
	Number of child deaths	Increase	Padmadas et al. (2004) and Murthy (2012a)
	Fetal loss	Increase	Padmadas et al. (2004)
	Termination of pregnancy	Increase	Murthy (2012a,b)
	Increased age at last livebirth	Increase	Horne (1989) and Mulder (1989)
	Contraceptives	Increase	Padmadas et al. (2004) and Singh and Singh (2014)
	Marital dissolution with remarriage	Increase	Horne (1989)
	Partner’s education	No association	Murthy (2012a,b)
	Household structure (Nuclear versus non-nuclear families)	No association	Murthy, (2012a)
	Age of first marriage	Inconsistent	Menken (1987), Horne (1989), Murthy (2012a) and Singh and Singh (2014)
	Urban residence	May Decrease	Horne (1989), Padmadas et al. (2004) and Murthy (2012a,b)
	Employment	Inconsistent	Murthy (2012a,b)
	Parity	Inconsistent	Horne (1989) and Murthy (2012a)
	Cultural pattern	Associated	Menken (1987)
	Birth interval	Associated	Padmadas et al. (2004) and Murthy (2012a)
	Ideal number of offspring	Associated	Murthy (2012a)
	Sex of offspring	Associated	Murthy (2012a)
	Increased wealth index	Associated	Mulder (1989) and Murthy (2012a)
	Religion	Muslims and Christians may have shorter span than Hindus	Padmadas et al. (2004) and Murthy (2012a)

AAM, age at menarche; ANM, age at natural menopause; DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; SES, socio-economic status; DES, diethylstilboestrol; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphisms.