Table 1.
Potential heart failure prognostic factors in patients with congenital heart disease.
| Parameters | References | |
|---|---|---|
| Transthoracic echocardiography | – Ventricular and atrial anatomy – Systolic ventricular function – Systolic to diastolic duration ratio – Shunt lesions – Valvular defects – Pericardial effusion – LS |
(3, 8, 10, 16, 17) (3, 9, 11) (13) (3, 18) (3, 12) (18) (14, 15) |
| Magnetic resonance imaging | – Anatomy – Ventricular function (R/L VEF, R/L VEDV, R/L VEDV index) – Mass index – R/L LS – SV ratio – Myocardial scarring and fibrosis – T1 mapping |
(3, 22, 23) (3, 19, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28) (3, 23, 27) (3, 26) (28) (3, 29, 31, 34) (3, 30) |
| Cardiopulmonary exercise testing | – VO2peak – VE/VCO2 slope – Peak HR – HRR – HRr – W – Maximal sBP – Saturation – Mean peak RER – Borg scale – OUES – VO2/WR – VAT |
(3, 7, 36–43) (3, 36, 39, 44, 45) (3, 36, 38, 42, 46–49) (3, 36, 38, 42, 46–49) (3, 36, 38, 42, 46–49) (51) (25) (3, 36, 50) (51) (51) (51) (51) (51) |
| Biomarkers | – NT-proBNP – GDF-15 – hs-TnT – RDW – Galectin-3 – Ang-2 – ADMA – hsCRP |
(3, 6, 55–59) (57, 60–63) (3, 57, 64) (65, 66) (67) (68) (69) (3, 70) |
LS, longitudinal systolic strain; R/L, right/left; VEF, ventricular ejection fraction; VEDV, ventricular end diastolic volume; SV, stroke volume; VO2, oxygen uptake; VE/VCO2, ventilatory efficiency; HR, heart rate; HRR, heart rate reserve; HRr, heart rate recovery; W, peak load; sBP, systolic blood pressure; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; OUES, oxygen uptake efficiency slope; VO2/WR, oxygen uptake to work rate; VAT, ventilatory anaerobic threshold; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain type natriuretic peptide; GDF-15, growth-differentiation factor 15; hs-TnT, high-sensitivity troponin T; RDW, red cell distribution width; Ang-2, angiopoietion-2; ADMA, asymmetrical dimethylarginine; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.