Table 2.
Congenital heart diseases and their prognostic factors in selected ACHD.
| CHD | Parameters | References |
|---|---|---|
| Tetralogy of Fallot | – Ventricular function and anatomy – QRS complex width – Size and function of the left atrium – LS – Tricuspid/pulmonary valve regurgitation – Left ventricular dyssynchrony (MRI) – Increased late gadolinium enhancement of the left ventricle (MRI) – Peak VO2 – VE/VCO2 slope – Heart rate response – Oxygen saturation – NT-proBNP and another biochemical parameters |
(3, 4, 8, 9) (9, 45) (3, 4, 10) (11) (12) (20) (34) (3, 4, 7, 36, 37, 41, 42) (3, 4, 7, 36, 37, 44, 45) (3, 4, 46) (3, 4) (3, 4, 6, 55–71) |
| Transposition of the great artieries | – Ventricular function and anatomy – Systemic right ventricular LS – Right ventricular end-diastolic volume index – Diffuse fibrosis (MRI) – Peak VO2 – VE/VCO2 slope – Heart rate response – Peak exercise systolic blood pressure – NT-proBNP and another biochemical parameters |
(3, 4, 8) (14, 15, 26) (25) (31) (3, 4, 7, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42) (3, 4, 39, 44) (3, 4, 46) (25) (3, 4, 6, 55–71) |
| Post-fontan procedure | – Ventricular function and anatomy – Systolic to diastolic duration ratio – End diastolic and systolic volume index (MRI) – Contractility (MRI) – Mass index (MRI) – Increased afterload (MRI) – Stroke volume ratio in biventricular heart (MRI) – Aorta arising from the right ventricle conus in biventricular heart (MRI) – Biventricular ejection fraction (MRI) – Left ventricular indexed end-diastolic volume in biventricular heart (MRI) – Peak VO2 – VE/VCO2 slope – Heart rate response – Oxygen saturation – NT-proBNP and another biochemical parameters – Liver function |
(3, 4, 8) (13) (27) (27) (27) (27) (28) (28) (28) (28) (3, 4, 7, 36, 37, 41, 42) (3, 4, 7, 36, 37, 44) (3, 4, 42, 46) (3, 4) (3, 4, 6, 55–71) (3, 4) |
| Ebstein anomaly | – Ventricular function and anatomy – Peak VO2 – VE/VCO2 slope – Heart rate response – Oxygen saturation – NT-proBNP and another biochemical parameters |
(3, 4, 8) (3, 4, 7, 36–38, 41, 42) (3, 4, 7, 36, 37, 44) (3, 4, 38, 46) (3, 4) (3, 4, 6, 55–71) |
| Eisenmenger syndrome | – Ventricular function and anatomy – Right/left/biventricular function – TAPSE – Right ventricular effective systolic to diastolic duration ratio – Right atrial area – Right atrial to left atrial area – Pericardial effusion – Pretricuspid shunt – Oxygen saturation – Peak VO2 – 6-min walk test – NT-proBNP and another biochemical parameters |
(3, 4, 8) (19) (3, 4, 16, 17) (16, 17) (16, 17) (16, 17) (18) (3, 4, 18) (3, 4, 19) (3, 4, 7, 36, 37, 41, 42) (52) (3, 4, 6, 55–71) |
LS, longitudinal systolic strain; VO2, oxygen uptake; VE/VCO2, ventilatory efficiency; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain type natriuretic peptide.