Table 1.
The demographic, clinical, and paraclinical characteristics of overall patients with COVID-19 and stratified by vitamin D level
| Variable | Overall | 1 Year before COVID-19 positive test |
At admission | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin D classification |
Vitamin D classification |
||||||
| <20 ng/ml | ≥20 ng/ml | P-value | <20 ng/ml | ≥20 ng/ml | P-value | ||
| No. of patients | 248 | 109 | 139 | 133 | 115 | ||
| Age (yr) | 60 (44–74) | 65 (49–75) | 55 (38–70) | 0.002a,b | 61 (47–75) | 58 (36–70) | 0.033a,b |
| Sex | 0.439c | 0.957c | |||||
| Male | 132 (53.2) | 55 (50.5) | 77 (55.4) | 71 (53.4) | 61 (53) | ||
| Female | 116 (46.8) | 54 (49.5) | 62 (44.6) | 62 (46.6) | 54 (47) | ||
| Educational level | 0.461c | 0.757c | |||||
| Primary/secondary school | 38 (15.3) | 20 (18.3) | 18 (12.9) | 20 (15) | 18 (15.7) | ||
| Bachelor's degree | 167 (67.3) | 72 (66.1) | 95 (68.3) | 92 (69.2) | 75 (65.2) | ||
| Master's/doctoral degree | 43 (17.3) | 17 (15.6) | 26 (18.7) | 21 (15.8) | 22 (19.1) | ||
| Severity of COVID-19 | 0.006a,c | 0.018a,c | |||||
| Moderate | 162 (65.3) | 61 (56) | 101 (72.7) | 78 (58.6) | 84 (73) | ||
| Severe | 86 (34.7) | 48 (44) | 38 (27.3) | 55 (41.4) | 31 (27) | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.5 (25–33.5) | 26.1 (25–33.2) | 28 (25–33.8) | 0.156b | 27.2 (25–33.8) | 27.5 (25–32.7) | 0.897b |
| Body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 | 93 (37.5) | 35 (32.1) | 58 (41.7) | 0.121c | 52 (39.1) | 41 (35.7) | 0.576c |
| Comorbidity | |||||||
| Diabetes | 55 (22.2) | 28 (25.7) | 27 (19.4) | 0.239c | 32 (24.1) | 23 (20) | 0.443c |
| Hypertension | 83 (33.5) | 41 (37.6) | 42 (30.2) | 0.220c | 42 (31.6) | 41 (35.7) | 0.498c |
| Pulmonary circulation disorder | 17 (6.9) | 9 (8.3) | 8 (5.8) | 0.439c | 8 (6) | 9 (7.8) | 0.574c |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 63 (25.4) | 25 (22.9) | 38 (27.3) | 0429c | 36 (27.1) | 27 (23.5) | 0.517c |
| Chronic kidney disease | 50 (20.2) | 25 (22.9) | 25 (18) | 0.335c | 28 (21.1) | 22 (19.1) | 0.707c |
| Liver disease | 22 (8.9) | 10 (9.2) | 12 (8.6) | 0.882c | 9 (6.8) | 13 (11.3) | 0.210c |
| Immunocompromised state | 58 (23.4) | 30 (27.5) | 28 (20.1) | 0.173c | 26 (19.5) | 32 (27.8) | 0.125c |
| Depression | 49 (19.8) | 27 (24.8) | 22 (15.8) | 0.079c | 31 (23.3) | 18 (15.7) | 0.131c |
| Laboratory data | |||||||
| Total leucocyte count | 7,856 (5,856–11,165) | 8,002 (5,929–12,183) | 7,850 (5,854–10,901) | 0.403b | 8,502 (5,856–12,735) | 7,660 (5,803–10,012) | 0.160b |
| Lymphocyte count | 22.8 (17–31.5) | 22.8 (17–31.7) | 22.8 (17–30.8) | 0.877b | 23.3 (16.7–35.6) | 22.3 (17–29.1) | 0.464b |
| CRP level (mg/dl) | 4.50 (3.35–6.08) | 5.01 (3.66–6.31) | 4.40 (3.21–6.01) | 0.052b | 5.02 (4.01–6.31) | 4.03 (2.51–5.90) | 0.001a,b |
| D-dimer (ng/ml) | 854 (522–1,240) | 874 (521–1,499) | 852 (525–987) | 0.027a,b | 874 (755–1,437) | 854 (485–984) | 0.002a,b |
| O2 saturation (%) | 88 (85–89) | 87 (85–89) | 88 (87–89) | 0.066b | 88 (86–89) | 87 (85–90) | 0.144b |
| Clinical outcomes | |||||||
| Mortality | 43 (17.3) | 25 (22.9) | 18 (12.9) | 0.039a,c | 30 (22.6) | 13 (11.3) | 0.020a,c |
| Hospital length of stay (day) | 9 (7–14) | 9 (5–14) | 9 (7–15) | 0.062b | 9 (7–14) | 8 (6–14) | 0.197b |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%).
COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; CRP: C-reactive protein.
a
Statistically significant;
b
Mann-Whitney test;
c
Chi-square test.