Table 3.
Effect of smoking on HRQoL: IV probit model.
| Dependent variables: quality of life utility index | ||
|---|---|---|
| Probit | IV-Probit | |
| Smoking status (reference group: Non-smoking) | ||
| Smoking | −0.075** (0.027) | −0.496** (0.186) |
| Age | −0.006*** (0.001) | −0.024*** (0.005) |
| Gender (reference group: female) | ||
| Male | 0.061* (0.024) | 0.344** (0.122) |
| Education level (reference group: illiterate) | ||
| Primary school | 0.004 (0.052) | 0.023 (0.197) |
| Middle school | 0.054 (0.051) | 0.216 (0.198) |
| High school/Junior college | 0.015 (0.054) | 0.054 (0.208) |
| University/College and above | 0.026 (0.059) | 0.093 (0.223) |
| Marital status (reference group: single) | ||
| Married | 0.035 (0.097) | 0.155 (0.360) |
| Divorced/widowed | 0.019 (0.097) | 0.112 (0.371) |
| Lnincome | 0.004 (0.015) | 0.012 (0.062) |
| Occupation (reference group: 1) | ||
| 2 | 0.014 (0.030) | 0.074 (0.117) |
| 3 | 0.050 (0.048) | 0.241 (0.195) |
| 4 | −0.033 (0.035) | −0.131 (0.131) |
| 5 | −0.037 (0.036) | −0.132 (0.131) |
| Family size (reference group: 1) | ||
| 2 | 0.071 (0.053) | 0.273 (0.183) |
| 3 | 0.040 (0.054) | 0.148 (0.186) |
| 4 | 0.033 (0.056) | 0.114 (0.191) |
| Health status (reference group: 1) | ||
| 2 | −0.210** (0.077) | −0.660** (0.218) |
| _cons | 1.700* (0.787) | 1.699* (0.809) |
| N | 1,502 | 1,502 |
Province omitted from the table. Standard errors in parentheses.
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001.