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. 2022 Feb 24;8:764934. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.764934

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Copyright © 2022 Lau, Ng, Kwok, Tsia, Sin, Lam and Vardhanabhuti.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Distinguishable clinical characteristics of four clusters with deceased cases for reference. (A) Demographics: Cluster 4 has the highest mean age, and Cluster 2 has the highest proportion of males. Cluster 1 is the youngest group with the lowest proportion of males. (B) Complete blood count: Cluster 3 has the smallest range of white blood cell count; Cluster 4 has a larger range of neutrophil count and smallest range of lymphocyte count. Cluster 2 has the largest median for hemoglobin and hematocrit. (C) Liver function: Cluster 4 has the smallest mean value of albumin. (D) Kidney function: Cluster 4 has a higher range of urea and creatinine. (E) Inflammatory marker: Cluster 4 has a more extensive range of C-reactive protein. (F) Others: Cluster 4 has elevated lactate dehydrogenase. (A value of 1.5 times more than the IQR and away from the bottom or top of the box is considered an outlier.) (G) Any comorbidity: Cluster 4 has the most significant proportion with at least one comorbidity. (H) Clinical outcome: Highest fatality observed in Cluster 4.