Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with HFpEF with and without worsening LVEF.
| Characteristics | Non-worsening LVEF | Worsening LVEF | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 961 | N = 457 | ||
| Age, years | 60.0 ± 10.1 | 60.9 ± 10.3 | 0.145 |
| Female, n (%) | 342 (35.6) | 175 (38.3) | 0.352 |
| Medical history | |||
| AMI, n (%) | 128 (13.3) | 63 (13.8) | 0.875 |
| CAD, n (%) | 343 (35.7) | 181 (39.6) | 0.171 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 315 (32.8) | 165 (36.1) | 0.239 |
| DM, n (%) | 142 (14.8) | 86 (18.8) | 0.063 |
| CKD, n (%) | 212 (22.1) | 104 (22.8) | 0.821 |
| AF, n (%) | 380 (39.5) | 200 (43.8) | 0.146 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 64 (6.7) | 30 (6.6) | >0.99 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 13 (1.4) | 6 (1.3) | >0.99 |
| COPD, n (%) | 7 (0.7) | 3 (0.7) | >0.99 |
| Pre-AMI, n (%) | 23 (2.4) | 7 (1.5) | 0.392 |
| Pre-PCI, n (%) | 26 (2.8) | 19 (4.2) | 0.195 |
| In-hospital dialysis, n (%) | 28 (2.9) | 15 (3.3) | 0.832 |
| PCI, n (%) | 230 (23.9) | 110 (24.1) | >0.99 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| LVEF, % | 60.91 ± 5.54 | 65.09 ± 7.23 | <0.001 |
| Re-measurement LVEF, % | 64.56 ± 5.58 | 53.47 ± 10.49 | <0.001 |
| LVEDD, mm | 49.03 ± 8.01 | 50.61 ± 8.50 | 0.001 |
| LVESD, mm | 31.95 ± 6.60 | 32.06 ± 7.03 | 0.782 |
| Laboratory findings | |||
| NT-proBNP, pg/ml | 1359.00 [933.60, 2325.00] | 1502.00 [985.25, 2507.50] |
0.138 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 73.77 ± 25.91 | 73.49 ± 26.22 | 0.862 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.80 [2.30, 3.44] | 2.93 [2.38, 3.44] | 0.183 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.02 [0.86, 1.24] | 0.99 [0.82, 1.16] | 0.016 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.14 ± 1.10 | 6.15 ± 1.03 | 0.918 |
| ALB, g/L | 36.48 ± 4.27 | 36.38 ± 4.50 | 0.702 |
| HS-CRP, mg/L | 5.02 [1.43, 13.27] | 4.14 [1.29, 13.05] | 0.671 |
| Treatment | |||
| B-blocker, n (%) | 525 (55.4) | 263 (58.1) | 0.386 |
| Statins, n (%) | 329 (34.7) | 169 (37.3) | 0.380 |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 300 (31.7) | 155 (34.2) | 0.375 |
| Spirolactone, n (%) | 657 (69.4) | 323 (71.3) | 0.501 |
| CCB, n (%) | 140 (14.8) | 63 (13.9) | 0.723 |
| ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 185 (19.5) | 96 (21.2) | 0.514 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 697 (73.6) | 341 (75.3) | 0.546 |
Data represented as mean ± SD, median [interquartile ranges (IQRs)], and number (%) as appropriate.
HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; CAD, coronary artery disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; CKD, chronic kidney disease; AF, atrial fibrillation; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ALB, albumin; HS-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive proptein; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic dimension; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction; CCB, calcium channel blocker; ACEI, angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotension receptor blocker.