Table 4.
Regression models (W1, W2 and panel data).
| Variable | W1 anxiety | W2 anxiety | Panel | W1 | W2 | Panel | W1 | W2 | Panel# |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| anxiety | depression | depression | depression | Psy distress | Psy distress | Psy distress | |||
| Loneliness | 0.345** | 0.605** | 0.486** | 0.614** | 0.370** | 0.501** | 0.958** | 0.974** | 0.987** |
| (0.121) | (0.102) | (0.0842) | (0.114) | (0.102) | (0.0872) | (0.174) | (0.151) | (0.126) | |
| Female | 0.376 | 0.331 | 0.364** | 0.273 | 0.412 | 0.371* | 0.649 | 0.741* | 0.733** |
| (0.197) | (0.169) | (0.137) | (0.201) | (0.212) | (0.154) | (0.358) | (0.295) | (0.246) | |
| Center | 0.337 | 0.269 | 0.230 | 0.253 | 0.202 | 0.249 | 0.593 | 0.473 | 0.481* |
| (0.191) | (0.174) | (0.138) | (0.162) | (0.210) | (0.134) | (0.316) | (0.321) | (0.236) | |
| South | 0.101 | 0.188 | 0.0944 | 0.203 | 0.0191 | 0.162 | 0.306 | 0.207 | 0.257 |
| (0.193) | (0.187) | (0.137) | (0.164) | (0.210) | (0.131) | (0.316) | (0.344) | (0.237) | |
| Age | 0.00900 | −0.00773 | 0.00242 | −0.0146* | −0.0143 | −0.0137* | −0.00555 | −0.0221* | −0.0113 |
| (0.00620) | (0.00644) | (0.00482) | (0.00694) | (0.00806) | (0.00565) | (0.0115) | (0.0103) | (0.00801) | |
| Rooms per person | −0.446** | −0.180 | −0.293** | −0.156 | −0.157 | −0.0995 | −0.602** | −0.337 | −0.393** |
| (0.143) | (0.138) | (0.104) | (0.108) | (0.146) | (0.0882) | (0.200) | (0.235) | (0.149) | |
| Children<10 years old | 0.0805 | −0.0668 | 0.0167 | 0.116 | −0.419 | −0.107 | 0.199 | −0.487 | −0.0905 |
| (0.234) | (0.186) | (0.157) | (0.232) | (0.239) | (0.174) | (0.410) | (0.342) | (0.282) | |
| Ln income | −0.258 | −0.0264 | −0.128 | −0.225 | −0.152 | −0.151 | −0.482 | −0.181 | −0.280 |
| (0.173) | (0.112) | (0.106) | (0.154) | (0.128) | (0.103) | (0.305) | (0.185) | (0.184) | |
| Expectation difficulty getting food | −0.0745 | 0.395 | 0.154 | −0.111 | 0.0278 | −0.0544 | −0.182 | 0.421 | 0.101 |
| (0.222) | (0.247) | (0.176) | (0.204) | (0.208) | (0.160) | (0.391) | (0.402) | (0.301) | |
| Lack of space in the home | 0.115 | 0.694** | 0.561** | 0.167 | 0.587* | 0.498* | 0.280 | 1.280** | 1.057** |
| (0.298) | (0.237) | (0.202) | (0.228) | (0.274) | (0.202) | (0.467) | (0.453) | (0.359) | |
| Income reduction expectation | −0.452 | 0.690** | −0.00712 | −0.201 | 0.657** | 0.139 | −0.651 | 1.347** | 0.133 |
| (0.231) | (0.262) | (0.191) | (0.208) | (0.224) | (0.165) | (0.391) | (0.431) | (0.313) | |
| Expectation of increasing debt | 0.342 | −0.103 | 0.241 | 0.0960 | 0.506 | 0.238 | 0.437 | 0.403 | 0.477 |
| (0.221) | (0.306) | (0.194) | (0.190) | (0.312) | (0.177) | (0.338) | (0.564) | (0.313) | |
| Physical health status | 0.0653 | 0.175 | 0.108 | −0.0120 | 0.285 | 0.154 | 0.0554 | 0.459 | 0.263 |
| (0.193) | (0.191) | (0.142) | (0.179) | (0.217) | (0.153) | (0.320) | (0.325) | (0.240) | |
| Mental health diagnosis | 0.521* | 0.283 | 0.342 | −0.0221 | 0.145 | 0.0484 | 0.502 | 0.426 | 0.392 |
| (0.256) | (0.231) | (0.186) | (0.206) | (0.298) | (0.212) | (0.406) | (0.477) | (0.357) | |
| Mental health treatment | 0.419 | 0.598* | 0.533* | −0.0683 | 0.790 | 0.416 | 0.348 | 1.388* | 0.947* |
| (0.348) | (0.286) | (0.237) | (0.341) | (0.423) | (0.300) | (0.608) | (0.542) | (0.437) | |
| High school or lower | −0.0227 | 0.194 | 0.0825 | 0.153 | 0.442 | 0.336 | 0.129 | 0.634 | 0.416 |
| (0.327) | (0.287) | (0.232) | (0.238) | (0.259) | (0.181) | (0.501) | (0.463) | (0.356) | |
| Higher education | 0.0711 | 0.158 | 0.114 | 0.248 | 0.642* | 0.436* | 0.319 | 0.801 | 0.549 |
| (0.355) | (0.314) | (0.250) | (0.275) | (0.308) | (0.221) | (0.567) | (0.501) | (0.393) | |
| Wave | −0.00520 | 0.524** | 0.521 | ||||||
| (0.161) | (0.174) | (0.292) | |||||||
| Constant | 4.591 | 1.301 | 2.659 | 4.507* | 3.335 | 2.912 | 9.075* | 4.676 | 5.580* |
| (2.474) | (1.586) | (1.540) | (2.204) | (1.841) | (1.503) | (4.325) | (2.628) | (2.675) | |
| Observations | 704 | 663 | 1,367 | 705 | 661 | 1,366 | 703 | 661 | 1,364 |
| R-squared | 0.166 | 0.322 | 0.199 | 0.192 | 0.277 | 0.214 | 0.183 | 0.368 | 0.246 |
Robust standard errors in parentheses.
**
p < 0.01,
*
p < 0.05.
#
After Bonferroni correction in the main regression model, the variables loneliness, female and lack of space in the home remain significant (p < 0.1). The variable rooms per person is at the limit of significance (p = 0.153). The variables center and mental health treatment are no longer significant.