Table 1.
Characteristics of patients in statin and non-statin groups.
| Variable | Level variable | Total (n = 582) | No statin (n = 421, 72.2%) | Atorvastatin (n = 162, 27.8%) | Test result p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± S.D) | 61.4 ± 0.9 | 61.6 ± 21.4 | 60.8 ± 17.9 | M.W = 32849.5 p = 0.492 |
|
| Sex | Female (n, %) | 278 (47.7) | 189 (68.0) | 89 (32.0) | χ2 = 4.73 |
| Male (n, %) | 305 (52.3) | 232 (76.1) | 73 (23.9) | p = 0.030 | |
| ICU | Non ICU | 384 (83.3) | 250 (65.1) | 134 (34.9) | χ2 = 0.06 |
| ICU | 77 (16.7) | 49 (63.6) | 28 (36.4) | p = 0.806 | |
| Death | Yes (n, %) | 73 (12.5) | 56 (76.7) | 17 (23.3) | χ2 = 24.34 p = 0.354 |
| Hospitalization time (mean ± S.D) | 5.5 ± 9.3 | 5.5 ± 10.6 | 5.8 ± 4.0 | M.W = 32849.5 p = 0.001 |
|
| Sign and symptoms | |||||
| Fever | Yes (n, %) | 289 (49.6) | 206 (71.3) | 83 (28.7) | χ2 = 0.25 p = 0.618 |
| Cough | Yes (n, %) | 212 (36.4) | 142 (67.0) | 70 (33.0) | χ2 = 4.54 p = 0.033 |
| Muscular pain | Yes (n, %) | 66 (11.3) | 40 (60.6) | 26 (39.4) | χ2 = 4.99 p = 0.025 |
| ARDS | Yes (n, %) | 203 (34.8) | 135 (66.5) | 68 (33.5) | χ2 = 5.06 p = 0.024 |
| Consciousness | Yes (n, %) | 33 (5.7) | 25 (75.8) | 8 (24.2) | χ2 = 0.22 p = 0.640 |
| Olfactory problems | Yes (n, %) | 4 (0.7) | 4 (100.0) | 00 (00.0) | Exact = 1.55 p = 0.580 |
| Taste problems | Yes (n, %) | 4 (0.7) | 4 (100.0) | 00 (00.0) | Exact = 1.55 p = 0.580 |
| Convulsions | Yes (n, %) | 3 (0.5) | 3 (100.0) | 00 (00.0) | Exact = 1.16 p = 0.564 |
| Stomachache | Yes (n, %) | 20 (3.4) | 18 (90.0) | 2 (10.0) | Exact = 3.31 p = 0.069 |
| Nausea | Yes (n, %) | 81 (13.9) | 67 (82.7) | 14 (17.3) | χ2 = 5.17 p = 0.023 |
| Vomiting | Yes (n, %) | 55 (9.4) | 157 (29.7) | 5 (9.1) | χ2 = 10.58 p = 0.001 |
| Diarrhea | Yes (n, %) | 50 (8.6) | 44 (88.0) | 6 (12.0) | χ2 = 6.79 p = 0.009 |
| Anorexia | Yes (n, %) | 50 (8.6) | 25 (50.0) | 25 (50.0) | χ2 = 13.45 p = 0.001 |
| Headache | Yes (n, %) | 38 (6.5) | 21 (55.3) | 17 (44.7) | χ2 = 5.82 p = 0.016 |
| Vertigo | Yes (n, %) | 17 (2.9) | 14 (82.4) | 3 (17.6) | Exact = 0.89 p = 0.422 |
| Paralysis | Yes (n, %) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (100.0) | 00 (00.0) | Exact = 0.39 p = 0.999 |
| Plegia | Yes (n, %) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | Exact = 0.49 p = 0.479 |
| Chest pain | Yes (n, %) | 29 (5.0) | 25 (86.2) | 4 (13.8) | Exact = 2.98 p = 0.092 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Cancer | Yes (n, %) | 7 (1.2) | 6 (85.7) | 1 (14.3) | Exact = 0.64 p = 0.680 |
| Liver disease | Yes (n, %) | 3 (0.5) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | Exact = 2.27 p = 0.188 |
| Diabetes | Yes (n, %) | 81 (13.9) | 58 (71.6) | 23 (28.4) | χ2 = 0.02 p = 0.895 |
| Hematologic disorders | Yes (n, %) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | Exact = 0.49 p = 0.479 |
| Immunodeficiency | Yes (n, %) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (100.0) | 00 (00.0) | Exact = 0.39 p = 0.999 |
| Cardiovascular diseases | Yes (n, %) | 146 (25.0) | 115 (78.8) | 31 (21.2) | χ2 = 4.17 p = 0.043 |
| Kidney diseases | Yes (n, %) | 12 (2.1) | 10 (83.3) | 2 (16.7) | Exact = 0.76 p = 0.525 |
| Asthma | Yes (n, %) | 16 (2.7) | 14 (87.5) | 2 (12.5) | Exact = 1.93 p = 0.257 |
| Neurologic diseases | Yes (n, %) | 9 (1.5) | 7 (77.8) | 2 (22.2) | Exact = 0.14 p = 0.999 |
| Hypertension | Yes (n, %) | 155 (26.6) | 101 (65.2) | 54 (34.8) | χ2 = 5.23 p = 0.022 |
| Oxygen therapy status | Yes (n, %) | 117 (36.5) | 67 (57.3) | 50 (42.7) | χ2 = 4.40 p = 0.036 |
| Other | |||||
| The time from the onset of symptoms to hospitalization | mean ± S.D | 4.7 ± 2.3 | 4.6 ± 2.0 | 4.7 ± 3.0 | M.W = 31535.5 P = 0.155 |
| Mechanical ventilation | Yes (n, %) | 24 (7.5) | 16 (10.1) | 8 (4.9) | χ2 = 3.05 p = 0.092 |
| pO2 | <93% | 286 (50.6) | 204 (71.3) | 82 (28.7) | χ2 = 3.09 |
| >93% | 279 (49.4) | 217 (77.8) | 62 (22.2) | p = 0.079 | |
| Number of breaths | 14–18 | 35 (18.9) | 4 (11.4) | 31 (88.6) | Exact = 0.89 |
| 18–22 | 122 (65.9) | 14 (11.5) | 108 (88.5) | P = 0.602 | |
| >22 | 28 (15.2) | 5 (17.9) | 23 (82.1) | ||
| CT scan | Yes (n, %) | 160 (49.8) | 47 (29.4) | 113 (70.6) | χ2 = 51.8 p = 0.001 |
| Smoking | Yes (n, %) | 6 (1.0) | 5 (83.3) | 1 (16.7) | Exact = 0.37 P = 0.541 |
| Opium use | Yes (n, %) | 41 (7.0) | 34 (82.9) | 7 (17.1) | χ2 = 2.52 p = 0.112 |
| S PO2 | mean ± S.D | 91.4 ± 6.4 | 91.6 ± 6.8 | 90.9 ± 3.5 | M.W = 28829.5 P = 0.004 |
| Temperature | mean ± S.D | 37.0 ± 0.8 | 37.0 ± 0.9 | 37.1 ± 0.7 | M.W = 19886.5 P = 0.003 |
| Laboratory measures | |||||
| WBC | mean ± S.D | 8.5 ± 6.5 | 9.2 ± 7.2 | 6.6 ± 3.5 | M.W = 21107.5 P = 0.001 |
| HB | mean ± S.D | 12.5 ± 1.8 | 12.6 ± 1.9 | 12.4 ± 1.7 |
T.test = P = |
| PLT | mean ± S.D | 199.4 ± 93.5 | 200.2 ± 94.2 | 197.1 ± 92.0 | M.W = 33196.0 P = 0.619 |
| Neut | mean ± S.D | 74.2 ± 13.8 | 75.4 ± 13.5 | 71.3 ± 14.3 | M.W = 27989.5 P = 0.001 |
| Lymph | mean ± S.D | 18.8 ± 11.5 | 18.0 ± 11.6 | 21.0 ± 10.9 | M.W = 27941.0 P = 0.001 |
| RDW | mean ± S.D | 14.1 ± 1.9 | 14.2 ± 1.9 | 13.9 ± 1.7 | M.W = 30680.5 P = 0.060 |
| MPV | mean ± S.D | 9.9 ± 1.0 | 9.9 ± 1.1 | 9.9 ± 1.1 | M.W=30764.5 P = 0.067 |
| BUN | mean ± S.D | 17.4 ± 12.3 | 17.6 ± 13.1 | 16.7 ± 9.9 | M.W = 33235.0 P = 0.634 |
| Cr | mean ± S.D | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 1.4 | M.W = 30424.5 P = 0.042 |
| CRP | mean ± S.D | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | M.W = 25494.0 P = 0.001 |
P-values were calculated by T-test for normally distributed continuous variables or Mann-Whitney U (M.W) test for non-normally distributed continuous variables and Fisher's exact (exact) test or χ2 test for the categorical variables; P < 0.05 was considered significant.