Table 3.
Subgroup analysis for the correlation of proton pump inhibitor use with overall survival.
| Subgroup | No. of studies | OS hazard ratios (95% CI) | p-Value | Heterogeneity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 | p-Value | ||||
| Region | |||||
| Asia | 3 | 1.21 (0.74–1.98) | 0.439 | 47.00% | 0.152 |
| America | 6 | 1.19 (0.85–1.67) | 0.305 | 75.50% | 0.001 |
| Europe | 5 | 1.34 (1.11–1.62) | 0.003 | 23.20% | 0.267 |
| Worldwide | 3 | 1.41 (1.23–1.63) | <0.001 | 22.90% | 0.273 |
| Cancer type | |||||
| NSCLC | 6 | 1.19 (0.92–1.54) | 0.180 | 77.10% | 0.001 |
| Melanoma | 2 | 0.70 (0.31–1.56) | 0.379 | 41.10% | 0.192 |
| Urothelial carcinoma | 2 | 1.55 (1.31–1.84) | <0.001 | 0% | 0.495 |
| Multiple | 6 | 1.40 (1.16–1.69) | <0.001 | 36.00% | 0.167 |
| Age group | |||||
| ≤65 | 7 | 1.23 (0.92–1.66) | 0.169 | 55.00% | 0.038 |
| >65 | 9 | 1.28 (1.05–1.55) | 0.014 | 78.20% | <0.001 |
| Sample size | |||||
| ≤200 | 6 | 1.01 (0.64–1.60) | 0.954 | 57.10% | 0.040 |
| >200 | 11 | 1.34 (1.14–1.58) | <0.001 | 80.00% | <0.001 |
| PPI exposure | |||||
| ∞ | 7 | 1.27 (1.01–1.59) | 0.038 | 46.00% | 0.085 |
| ± 30 | 5 | 1.38 (1.18–1.62) | <0.001 | 25.00% | 0.255 |
| −30 | 3 | 1.43 (1.00–2.05) | 0.052 | 37.70% | 0.201 |
| Immunotherapy drug | |||||
| PD-1, CTLA-4 | 2 | 1.15 (0.78–1.70) | 0.473 | 0% | 0.713 |
| PD-L1 | 2 | 1.49 (1.30–1.69) | <0.001 | 0% | 0.725 |
| PD-1 | 3 | 1.37 (1.04–1.79) | 0.025 | 0% | 0.691 |
| ICI | 4 | 1.54 (1.16–2.05) | 0.003 | 39.20% | 0.177 |
| PD-(L)1 | 3 | 1.20 (0.90–1.61) | 0.212 | 83.70% | 0.002 |
NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; HR, hazard ratio; OS, overall survival; PD-1, programmed cell death protein-1; PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand 1.