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. 2022 Mar 10;8(2):12. doi: 10.1007/s40828-022-00163-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Processing of protein antigens: the MHC-II pathway. Protein antigens are taken up by antigen-presenting cells (APC) into endosomes, which then fuse with lysosomes. There the proteins are broken down into protein fragments. After their synthesis in the ER, MHC-II molecules are transported in vesicles. Newly synthesized MHC-II molecules carry a peptide that occupies the antigen binding site and is called CLIP (class II invariant chain peptide). If both vesicles fuse, CLIP is released from the peptide binding site of the MHC-II by the protein DM and MHC-II can now bind antigen fragments. These MHC-II/peptide complexes are then transported to the cell membrane and can be recognized by CD4-positive cells ([75] with kind permission)